Nucleotides

9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)adenine is a nucleoside that is used as an antiviral agent. It binds to viral RNA and inhibits viral replication. 9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)adenine has been shown to have potent side-effect profiles, including myocardial infarct, neuronal death, and immunological reactions. These effects are due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of guanine nucleotides in the heart and brain cells, which are essential for energy production and neurotransmitter release respectively. 9-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)adenine also binds to toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are proteins found on the surface of cells that recognize invading microbes or foreign substances. This binding leads to activation of immune response pathways.

2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)adenosine is a nucleoside derivative that is produced by the methylation of 2'-deoxyadenosine. It is used in organic synthesis as a reagent for the alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons and as an intermediate in the synthesis of purines. The product can be isolated with yields of 78% or greater, depending on reaction conditions and purification methods. Isomeric purity can be achieved with high purity (>99%) by recrystallization from water or ethanol. The compound has a number of physical properties that are similar to those of adenosine, including boiling point, melting point, density, and refractive index. The molecule also has two chiral centers at C2 and C4 that contribute to its isomeric nature. Adenosine is found in human connective tissue cells, where it plays a role in cell metabolism by regulating the production of RNA and DNA.

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylcytidine is a nucleoside analog with modifications on both the sugar and the nucleobase. It is a derivative of cytidine, with fluorine attached to the 2' carbon of the sugar (deoxyribose) and a methyl group at the 2' carbon of the sugar as well. These modifications provide the compound with unique properties, such as potnetial increased resistance to enzymatic degradation, which can make it useful in antiviral and anticancer applications.

Adenosine is a naturally occuring nucleoside and an essential building block in DNA synthesis. The tosyl protected adenosine at the 5' position, 5-tosyladenosine, allows for selective functionalistion at the the 3' and 4' positions, resulting in derivatised nucleotides that can incorporated into modified RNA which is an area of therapeutics that is currently expanding.

Used as aprotected uridine nucleoside in RNA synthesis. The 1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyl-1,3-disiloxanediyl (TIPDS or TBDPSi2) group serves as a bulky and selectively acid-labile protecting group for the 3' and 5' hydroxyl groups of the uridine ribonucleoside during RNA oligonucleotide synthesis.

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methylcytidine is a nucleoside analog that is a modified version of cytidine, where the sugar (deoxyribose) has a fluoro modification at the 2' carbon and a methyl group is attached at the 5' position of the cytosine base. This modification confers unique properties that can be useful in research and drug development.

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5'-O-DMT-5-[N-(6-(trifluoroacetamido)hexyl)-3-E-acrylamido]-2'-deoxyuridine is a novel phosphoramidate nucleoside monophosphate, which is a phosphate analog of 2'-deoxyuridine. It has been shown to be an activator for DNA polymerases and is able to inhibit the replication of DNA in vitro. It also has antiviral properties, as it inhibits the synthesis of viral RNA. 5'-O-DMT-5-[N-(6-(trifluoroacetamido)hexyl)-3-E-acrylamido]-2'-deoxyuridine also has anti-inflammatory effects, as it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis.

5-Bromo-2-fluoronicotinic acid is a crystalline compound with an orthorhombic crystal system. The crystal structure of 5-bromo-2-fluoronicotinic acid monohydrate was determined by X-ray diffraction and refined to 2.5 Å resolution. The space group was found to be P212121 and the unit cell dimensions are a = 9.716 Å, b = 10.867 Å, c = 12.242 Å and β = 106.9°. The molecular weight of 5-bromo-2-fluoronicotinic acid monohydrate was found to be 277.3 g/mol with an elemental analysis of C: 67% H: 7% F: 16%.

2'-O-Methyluridine is a chemical compound that is used in the synthesis of RNA. It is an analog of uridine and has been shown to have antiviral and anticancer properties. 2'-O-Methyluridine inhibits protein synthesis by competing with uridine for the active site of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which converts ribonucleotides to dNMPs. This compound also inhibits RNA synthesis by disrupting the pairing of adenine and cytosine residues in RNA strands. 2'-O-Methyluridine has been shown to inhibit growth in some types of cancer cells, including colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. It may also be useful as a chemotherapeutic agent against HIV, as it inhibits virus replication by inhibiting reverse transcription and DNA synthesis.

N2-Isobutyrylguanosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog. It is activated by the enzyme thymidine kinase and inhibits the synthesis of RNA and DNA, which leads to cell death. N2-Isobutyrylguanosine has been shown to be an effective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in mammalian cells. This drug has also been shown to inhibit insulin-like growth factor I and phosphorothioate monomers. N2-Isobutyrylguanosine inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids, leading to a decrease in lipid content in cells.

2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl-2-fluoroadenosine is nucleoside analog of adenosine for use in research. The addition of a fluorine to an adenosine can change adenosine's properties such as its hydrogen bonding ability and how it interacts with water and other biological molecules. It can also increase the stability of adenosine and increase its half-life in biological systems.

2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate sodium is a nucleoside that is used as an antiviral, anticancer and novel drug. It inhibits viral replication by inhibiting DNA synthesis in the cell. 2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate sodium binds to viral RNA polymerase, preventing the enzyme from creating new DNA strands. This prevents the virus from replicating and spreading to other cells in the body. 2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate sodium has been shown to inhibit cancer growth by binding to DNA, which prevents it from dividing and creating new cells. This drug also has antiviral activity against HIV and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV1). 2'-Deoxyinosine-5'-triphosphate sodium is typically used as a buffer solution for peptide synthesis or as a chemical intermediate for various organic syntheses.

7-Deaza 2-C-methyl-N6-methyladenosine is a nucleoside that is modified with a methyl group at the 7 position of the deoxyribose ring. It has antiviral and anticancer properties. 7-Deaza 2-C-methyl-N6-methyladenosine is an activator of phosphoramidites, which are compounds that can be used to synthesize DNA or RNA.

Coenzyme A facilitates removal of lipid peroxides by increasing mobilization of fatty acids, and promote repair of plasma membranes by activating phospholipid synthesis. CoA is involved in the mechanisms of a wide variety of enzymes. This Thermo Scientific Chemicals brand product was originally part of the Alfa Aesar product portfolio. Some documentation and label information may refer to the legacy brand. The original Alfa Aesar product / item code or SKU reference has not changed as a part of the brand transition to Thermo Scientific Chemicals.

2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate or dGTP, is a nucleotide used by the cell to synthesize DNA molecules. 2'-Deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate is used in molecular biology techniques and assays as a substrate of the enzyme DNA polymerase, e.g. polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, pyrosequencing reactions.

2'-Deoxy-5-iodouridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the replication of viruses and other DNA-containing organisms. 2'-Deoxy-5-iodouridine also has inhibitory properties on cell nuclei, which may be due to its ability to bind with DNA and prevent the synthesis of RNA or protein. 2'-Deoxy-5-iodouridine has been shown to inhibit the growth of human HL60 cells in vitro at an optimum concentration of 20 μM. It also inhibits the replication of murine sarcoma virus at an optimum concentration of 16 μM. 2'-Deoxy-5-iodouridine has significant cytotoxicity against solid tumours in mice, which may be due to its ability to inhibit hydrogen fluoride (HF) induced lipid peroxidation and reduce glutathione levels.

5-Acetoxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5-AOMUdR) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It is phosphorylated to 5-acetoxymethyl uridine monophosphate, which inhibits DNA polymerase by competitive inhibition. This compound has been shown to induce apoptosis in vitro and inhibit HIV replication in cells. 5-AOMUdR has also been shown to be an effective anti-viral agent against influenza A virus.

5-(Methylaminomethyl)-2-thiouridine is a nucleotide that is important for both DNA and RNA synthesis. It is the methyl donor in the formation of dTMP, an essential component of DNA. 5-(Methylaminomethyl)-2-thiouridine is synthesized by the enzyme thioredoxin reductase using NADPH and glutathione as cofactors. The synthesis of this nucleotide is regulated by hydrogen bonding, which may be due to its ability to form a cationic surfactant with a molecule such as typhimurium. This activity may be due to the presence of a disulfide bond that can react with other molecules such as guanine nucleotides. 5-(Methylaminomethyl)-2-thiouridine has been shown to have structural analysis and chemical biology applications when used in conjunction with E. coli K-12 cells, Methanobrevib

2'-Deoxycytidine-5'-monophosphate disodium (2DdCMP) is a competitive inhibitor of receptor protein tyrosine kinases. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of various human cancer cell lines in vitro and to reduce tumor size in mice bearing transplanted human tumor xenografts. 2DdCMP inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells by interfering with the expression of growth factors that are involved in mitogenesis. This drug also inhibits the growth of new blood vessels, which is essential for tumor formation and progression. 2DdCMP binds to an allosteric site on receptor molecules, thereby blocking the binding site of other proteins such as growth factors and kinases that may be involved in tumorigenesis.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt is a monophosphate nucleotide that is an antiviral agent and an anticancer drug. Cytidine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt inhibits viral replication by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It has been shown to be effective against herpes virus, vaccinia virus, Newcastle disease virus, and influenza A virus. Cytidine 5'-diphosphate disodium salt also has anti-cancer effects as it inhibits the growth of various tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. This drug is a phosphoramidite nucleoside that can be used for the modification of other nucleosides or as an activator for DNA synthesis.

2-Amino-6-chloro-9-(2'-deoxy-3',5'-di-O-toluoyl-b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine is a purine nucleoside analog where the purine base has a 2-amino group at position 2 and a chlorine at position 6. The sugar is 2'-deoxy, meaning it lacks the 2'-hydroxyl group (like in DNA), and has two toluoyl protection groups attached to the 3' and 5' positions on the sugar.

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5-Bromouridine is an energy-related metabolite that is a precursor of uridine. It is a nucleotide base that is incorporated into DNA during DNA replication. 5-Bromouridine has been shown to have radiation resistance and high resistance to viral life. It also binds to the nuclear DNA in cells, where it can act as a transcriptional regulator. 5-Bromouridine is used in the treatment of malignant brain tumors, where it can inhibit tumor growth by binding to the dna of cancer cells and preventing the synthesis of proteins required for cell division. 5-Bromouridine binds with high affinity to basic fibroblast, which may be related to its effects on cancer cells.

5-Bromocytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that has been shown to inhibit the replication of influenza virus in cell culture. It stabilizes the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, which is responsible for converting ribonucleosides to deoxyribonucleosides. This inhibition prevents the production of viral RNA and protein synthesis, leading to inhibition of viral growth. 5-Bromocytidine has also been shown to have antiviral effects against HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in cell cultures.

Ribonucleosides, Deoxyribonucleosides and Activator are a group of synthetic compounds that are used in the synthesis of DNA. Ribonucleosides and Deoxyribonucleosides are nucleotides that contain ribose or deoxyribose as the sugar moiety. Activator is an activator for DNA polymerase, which catalyses the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two adjacent 3'-5' phosphate groups on a single strand of DNA. Ribonuclesides, Deoxyribonucleosides and Activator are used in recombinant DNA technology to synthesize DNA molecules containing modified bases. The CAS number for Ribonuclesides, Deoxyribonucleosides and Activator is 59892-40-9.

Adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide found in all living cells. It is used as a coenzyme for adenosine kinase, adenosine phosphokinase, and adenosine deaminase. ATP also acts as an important signaling molecule and has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, muscle contraction, and other cellular processes. The human body normally produces enough ATP to meet its needs through aerobic metabolism of glucose or fatty acids, but under certain conditions such as intense muscular activity or insufficient oxygen, more ATP must be produced by anaerobic metabolism. In these situations the mitochondria use glycolysis to produce lactic acid which is then converted into pyruvic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvic acid is then oxidized by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce acetyl-CoA which is further oxidized by the enzyme complex called Krebs

5-Ethynyluridine (5-EU) is an uracil analogue functionalized with a terminal alkyne group used for nucleotide, and especially RNA, labelling. 5-EU is cell permeable and is incorporated into RNA during its biosynthesis. The terminal alkyne group in 5-EU can react with azide-functionalised fluorophores or biotine, to form a labelled adduct with a triazole linker.

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-L-uridine is a synthetic nucleoside analog of uridine where the sugar is both fluorinated at the 2' position and in the L-configuration, which is the mirror image of naturally occurring D-nucleosides. This modification makes it structurally distinct and biologically significant for certain applications in drug development and biochemical research.

Tenofovir is an acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that exhibits anti-viral properties through its inhibition of reverse transcriptases. In particular, Tenofovir is a potent inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) reverse transcriptases, thus preventing the replication of genetic viral material. This property is beneficial in virus research areas and developing antiviral treatments. Once inside the body tenofovir is metabolized into its active form, tenofovir diphosphate, by the lysosomal protease cathepsin A, nucleotide kinases and adenylate kinases. An oral prodrug, used in the treatment of HIV, is tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) hemifumerate and this has improved stability, greater antiviral activity and reduces the risk of side effects such as loss of kidney function. Furthermore, TAF is easily metabolized into tenofovir in the lymphocytes allowing increased drug accumulation in HIV cells.

N2-Phenoxyacetylguanosine is a nucleoside that contains an uridine, phenoxyacetyl, and ribose moiety. N2-Phenoxyacetylguanosine is synthesized from the corresponding 2′-deoxyribonucleoside by coupling to an activated phosphoramidite derivative of phenoxyacetyl. It can be used as a building block for oligonucleotides.

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate is a nucleotide that is important in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It is a precursor to uridine monophosphate (UMP) and uridylic acid (UDP). Cytidine 5'-monophosphate has been found to inhibit the growth of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, such as those resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate also has inhibitory properties against energy metabolism and protein oxidation in bowel disease. This nucleotide has been shown to increase the rate constant for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by up to 10-fold.

2-Aminoadenosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog of adenosine in which the purine base is 2,6-diaminopurine, featuring an additional amino group at the C2 position. This modification enhances hydrogen bonding potential and alters base-pairing specificity, allowing it to form three hydrogen bonds with uracil or thymine, in contrast to adenine's two. As a result, 2-aminoadenosine has been studied for its impact on nucleic acid stability, replication fidelity, and enzymatic recognition. It has also shown potential in antiviral and anticancer research due to its ability to disrupt normal RNA and DNA metabolism.

Cytidine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate monosodium salt is a nucleotide that is used in the synthesis of DNA and RNA. It has antiviral and anticancer properties. Cytidine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate monosodium salt is a high purity, high quality nucleotide with strong activator properties. It is also an excellent substrate for DNA polymerases, which may be due to its ability to bind to the phosphate groups on the enzyme's active site. This product can be used as a phosphoramidite during DNA synthesis or as an antiviral agent that inhibits viral replication by inhibiting the formation of viral DNA.

Coenzyme A trilithium salt is a synthetic cofactor that is used in the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. It is membrane permeable and has minimal toxicity, making it an attractive candidate for treating hepatic steatosis. Coenzyme A trilithium salt also activates human mitochondrial beta-oxidation by increasing the availability of substrate and enhancing the expression of genes involved in beta-oxidation. This molecule has been shown to be effective in improving the symptoms of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) by stimulating creatine kinase activity and suppressing lysosomal accumulation of long chain fatty acids.

5'-O-DMT-5-methyluridine is a mesylate that is used as a chemical building block in the synthesis of unmodified, modified, and conjugate nucleosides. 5'-O-DMT-5-methyluridine can be used to modify ribonucleotides and derivates. It has been shown to be useful for labeling DNA probes with fluorescein and rhodamine dyes. 5'-O-DMT-5-methyluridine also has affinity for nucleophile groups such as phosphate, hydroxyl and amino groups. This compound is used in the incorporation of labeled polypeptides into proteins by ligation.