Nucleotides

6-Thio-9-(b-D-arabinofuranosyl)purine is a purine analog that inhibits the enzyme uridine phosphorylase, which is involved in the metabolism of uridine. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of L1210 cells and also to be effective against subcutaneous tumors in mice. 6-Thio-9-(b-D-arabinofuranosyl)purine is active against schistosomiasis in mice, with an LD50 of 1 mg/kg. This drug has also been shown to have potential antitumor activity and was able to inhibit the growth of human lymphocytes and leukocytes.

8-Nitroguanosine is a nucleotide analogue that inhibits the activity of cyclic GMP in cells. It has been found to inhibit the growth of bacteria and cancer cells, as well as to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species in brain cells. 8-Nitroguanosine has also been shown to inhibit the activity of cyclase enzymes in liver cells, which may be useful for treating liver disease. 8-Nitroguanosine is used as a chemical base for monoclonal antibodies that are used to study brain functions and pathogenic mechanisms.

2'-O-Methylcytidine-5'-monophosphate triethylammonium salt is a synthetic nucleoside that has been shown to be a substrate for DNA polymerase and an inhibitor of RNA synthesis. It has been used in the laboratory as a primer and as a biochemical tool to study viruses. 2'-O-Methylcytidine-5'-monophosphate triethylammonium salt is active against murine leukemia virus, but not against ciliated protozoan parasites such as Tetrahymena pyriformis. This compound has also been shown to inhibit the enzyme form of HIV reverse transcriptase and to be cytotoxic at high concentrations.

2'-Deoxy-5-propargyloxyuridine is a synthetic compound that inhibits the herpes simplex virus by inhibiting thymidylate synthase, an enzyme in the synthesis of DNA. It is used to study the growth rate of herpes virus and has been shown to inhibit murine leukemia L1210 and human l1210 cells at concentrations of 10-20 μg/mL. 2'-Deoxy-5-propargyloxyuridine has also been shown to have inhibitory activities against other viruses, such as polio virus and influenza virus. 2'-Deoxy-5-propargyloxyuridine inhibits biosynthesis by binding to enzymes involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids. The inhibitory dose for this compound is not yet known, but it has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on cell culture when preincubated with cells before infection with herpes simplex virus.

2'-Deoxyuridine (2'-dU) is an intermediate in the synthesis of thymidylate, which is a precursor for DNA synthesis. It can be prepared through high-performance liquid chromatography. 2'-dU has been shown to inhibit the enzymatic activity of enzymes responsible for synthesizing uridine and thymidylate, leading to neuronal death. 2'-dU has also been shown to have a protective effect against mitochondrial dysfunction induced by hydrogen fluoride. It is also known to bind with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in inflammatory responses. 2'-dU has been used as a fluorescence probe for nucleic acids and as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) substrate.

b-Nicotinamide mononucleotide, or NMN, is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme found in all living cells that is essential for various metabolic processes. NAD+ is involved in critical functions such as DNA repair, gene expression, and cellular stress responses.

7-Deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt is a cytosolic small molecule that inhibits the activity of telomerase, an enzyme involved in the replication of chromosomes. It also has inhibitory effects on kinase domains and may be used to treat cancer. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt binds to human mitochondrial DNA and inhibits gene transcription by hybridizing with it. This results in the inhibition of dopamine production, which can be helpful for treating Parkinson's disease. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt is structurally similar to 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (dATP) and can be incorporated into DNA by phosphorylation to form a covalent bond that disrupts the dATP/ATP ratio. This causes cellular energy production to decrease and

5'-O-DMT-thymidine-3'-succinyl CPG 2000 Å is a synthetic nucleoside that contains an acetyl group at the 5' position. The succinyl group has been added to the 3' position of the nucleoside and is bonded to a carrier molecule (2000 Å). This product is used as an activator in DNA synthesis, it also has antiviral and anticancer activities.

2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium, 100 mM aqueous solution is a synthetic nucleoside that can be used as an antiviral and anticancer agent. The drug inhibits viral replication by inhibiting the synthesis of DNA. The drug also suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting the production of RNA and DNA in cancer cells.

Cytidyl-3'-5'-uridine ammonium salt is a nucleoside analog that is used as an antiviral and anticancer agent. Cytidyl-3'-5'-uridine ammonium salt inhibits the synthesis of DNA by inhibiting the activity of enzymes such as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, or reverse transcriptase. It also has antitumor properties and can be used to treat leukemia and other types of cancer. Cytidyl-3'-5'-uridine ammonium salt has been shown to be more potent than cytidyl-2',4',6'-triaminopyrimidine (CTAP) in inhibiting the growth of lymphocytic leukemia cells.

b-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced tetra(cyclohexylammonium), or NADPH, is involved in redox reactions, where it acts as an electron donor. NADPH is essential for anabolic reactions, such as lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis, and fatty acid chain elongation. It also plays a significant role in antioxidation mechanisms, protecting cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regenerating antioxidants like glutathione

5-Methoxyuridine is a nucleoside that is structurally related to uridine. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines and is also used as a precursor for other compounds. 5-Methoxyuridine has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to purine receptors and inhibiting the function of protein kinases. The x-ray crystal structures of 5-methoxyuridine bound to two different p2y receptors have been determined. The analytical chemistry of 5-methoxyuridine is based on UV absorption measurements, which are able to identify hydrogen bonds between the base and the sugar moiety. This drug has been investigated for its potential use in cancer therapy due to its ability to inhibit RNA synthesis, which can lead to cell death by incomplete replication or transcription. 5-Methoxyuridine inhibits messenger RNA (mRNA) production in bacteria by interfering with sequence recognition and binding sites within the ribosome and preventing

Used for energy storage and in nucleic acid metabolism

2'-Deoxy-2-methoxyadenosine is a nucleoside that has been isolated from the sponge Spongospora. It is a glycosylated nucleoside that contains a formamidine chromophore and an amino function. The molecule has been synthesized by solid-phase synthesis, which involves the use of phosphoramidite chemistry to attach a series of building blocks onto an oligonucleotide template. 2'-Deoxy-2-methoxyadenosine was found to have thermal stability in phosphate buffer solutions and low reactivity with nucleophiles such as ammonia or methylamine. This nucleoside can be used as a substituent in synthetic organic chemistry and has been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens.

7-Deaza-7-iodoadenosine is a nucleotide that has been used in experiments to assess the levels of adenosine, a dinucleotide phosphate that is involved in many cellular functions. 7-deaza-7-iodoadenosine has been shown to inhibit locomotor activity in rats and cyclase activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. It also inhibits the release of inflammatory proteins from polymorphonuclear leucocytes and angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) in liver cells. Although this nucleotide has not been extensively studied, it has been proposed as an antiinflammatory agent because it inhibits protein synthesis and downregulates proinflammatory proteins.

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3-Deazauridine is a uridine analog that inhibits the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein. It has been shown to inhibit the activity of 3-deazauridine synthetase in HL-60 cells. 3-Deazauridine also has significant cytotoxicity against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and synergistic effects when used with other chemotherapeutic agents. The mechanism of action of 3-deazauridine is similar to that of other enzyme inhibitors, such as glycosidic bond formation or competitive inhibition. The sample preparation for this drug is complicated by its insolubility in water.

9-(2',3',5'-Tri-O-benzyl-b-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine is a nucleoside that has shown anticancer and antiviral properties. It inhibits replication of DNA and RNA in cells, which may be due to its ability to inhibit the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides. This compound is synthetically produced from 2',3',5'-tri-O-benzyl b-D-arabinofuranosyl chloride and adenine monophosphate (AMP). 9-(2',3',5'-Tri-O-benzyl-b-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine is also known as arabinoside A.

5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-N6-phenoxyacetyladenosine is a novel synthetic nucleoside with antiviral and anticancer activities. It is a phosphoramidite that can be used to synthesize oligonucleotides of any sequence. It is a nucleoside analogue that has been shown to inhibit the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are enzymes that maintain the integrity of bacterial DNA. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-N6-phenoxyacetyladenosine is also an activator of viral transcription and replication. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-N6-phenoxyacetyladenosine has been shown to be active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens, although it is not active against acid fast bacteria such

5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyluridine (5'-OMeT) is a phosphoramidite building block  of a modified nucleoside that is used in biological research. The stability of 5'-OMeT has been studied by thermal denaturation studies and found to be more stable than other analogues such as 6-azacytidine, 6-azauridine, and 6-azathymidine. This may be due to its increased resistance to endonucleolytic cleavage. 5'-OMeT has not shown any significant biological activity in vivo or in vitro.

Nelarabine is a drug that prevents the growth of cells by inhibiting the bcr-abl kinase, which is an intracellular target. This drug has been shown to be effective against pediatric patients with t-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and adults with chronic myeloid leukemia. Nelarabine has minimal toxicity in humans and is not toxic to healthy cells. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and may be used as a biomarker for autoimmune diseases. Nelarabine also inhibits angiogenesis, which may be due to its effects on nuclear DNA.

1-(2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-b-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil is a nucleoside analog for research applications. It contains a β-D-arabinofuranose sugar and the fluorine (F) substitution at the 2'-position enhances stability and improves resistance to enzymatic degradation. The 5-methyluracil base makes it structurally similar to thymidine, allowing it to be recognized by DNA polymerases and kinases.

2-Thiouridine is a uridine derivative that acts as a precursor for protein synthesis. It is synthesized from 2-amino-5-thiazole carboxylic acid and uracil in two steps, first with the formation of 2-thiouridine monophosphate and then with the conversion to 2-thiouridine diphosphate. The synthesis of 2-thiouridine is catalyzed by the enzyme uridine phosphorylase, which converts it to uridine monophosphate. 2-Thiouridine has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects in cell culture systems and animal models. These effects are believed to be due to its ability to act as an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase, which generates fatty acids from acetyl CoA. This process prevents the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thereby reducing inflammation.

2-Hydrazinoadenosine is an active analogue of adenosine. It is a potent agonist for the adenosine receptor subtypes A1 and A2A with high affinity. 2-Hydrazinoadenosine has been shown to inhibit cardiac contractility in animal models, as well as to produce hypotension, bradycardia, and bronchodilation in humans. This drug also has a functional effect on the heart by binding to adenosine receptors, which leads to the inhibition of catecholamine release. This drug is used clinically as an antiarrhythmic agent and a vasodilator in coronary artery disease.

Acetyl-coenzyme A is an important intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It is a cytosolic molecule that is synthesized from Acetyl-CoA and ATP. The Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe the relationship between the concentration of acetyl-coenzyme A and the rate of its consumption. Acetyl co-enzyme A is found in many different tissues, including plants, animals, and humans. It has an important role in regulating cellular growth and differentiation by activating various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Acetyl CoA can be acetylated to form acetyl CoA carboxylic acid (ACC) which then turns into malonyl CoA through a series of reactions. Malonyl CoA then enters the Krebs cycle as a key intermediate for generating energy from fatty acids.

2-Deoxy-5-vinyluridine (5-VUdR) is a chemical compound that has been shown to cause a mutation in the DNA of herpes simplex virus. The compound is then incorporated into the viral DNA and replicated with each new cell division, leading to mutations in the sequence of its genome. This mutation can either be lethal or nonlethal, depending on how it affects the function of the virus. 5-VUdR has also been shown to affect cancer cells by inhibiting their growth and causing them to undergo apoptosis. This chemical compound also has an effect on animals and humans, as it alters body mass index and causes weight loss. It does this by preventing replication of DNA in cells that produce insulin, which leads to low insulin levels and decreased appetite.END>

3'-O-Aminothymidine is an isomer of thymidine, a nucleoside that is found in DNA and RNA. It has a neutral charge and belongs to the category of nucleosides. 3'-O-Aminothymidine is synthesized by the coupling of an amino group with a hydroxyl group. This reaction is efficient and can be used to produce dimers. 3'-O-Aminothymidine can also be used as a precursor for other nucleotides or as a synthetic intermediate in other chemical reactions.

Thymidine-5'-diphosphate-D-viosamine disodium salt is a nucleoside that has been conjugated to a carrier molecule. This compound is an anomeric, pyranose, and conjugate acid. It has been shown to have antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and human cytomegalovirus (CMV). Thymidine-5'-diphosphate-D-viosamine disodium salt inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA by inhibiting the incorporation of uracil into the viral DNA strand. This inhibition prevents the production of new viruses by preventing replication.

2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-N6-methyladenosine is a mutant of the natural nucleoside adenosine which has been synthesized as a model for the study of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. The mutant has a frameshift mutation, and the resulting protein is unable to catalyze DNA synthesis. It can be complemented by adding wild type nucleotides to regenerate the original sequence. 2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-N6-methyladenosine inhibits the synthetase activity of ribonucleotide reductase and also inhibits polymerization of erythromycin B and styrene. 2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-N6-methyladenosine has been shown to inhibit dehydrogenase activity in auxotrophs of Escherichia coli.

3'-O-Acetyl-5'-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyluridine is a synthetic nucleoside that has antiviral activity. It is a modified nucleoside that contains a monophosphate group, which makes it an activator of DNA polymerase. 3'-O-Acetyl-5'-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-methyluridine is novel because it contains an acetyl group at the 3' position and a silyl ether on the 2' oxygen atom. 3'-O-Acetyl-5'-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro -5 -methyluridine has CAS No. 62768-36-3 and is available in high purity.

4-Thiothymidine is a nucleoside analog that is converted to thymidine by the enzyme thymidine kinase. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of human skin cancer cells by binding to DNA duplexes and inhibiting the synthesis of new DNA strands. 4-Thiothymidine has also been shown to be effective against radiation-induced damage in cultured human cells and inhibits tumor growth in mice bearing a transplantable mouse skin cancer. 4-Thiothymidine can be used as an inhibitor for chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer patients. It is active on both site-specific and cell-specific gene targets, with a reactive hydrogen bond that helps stabilize its formation.

5'-O-methylthymidine is an antiviral, monophosphate nucleoside that is structurally similar to thymidine and cytidine. 5'-O-methylthymidine has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells in vitro. The mechanism by which 5'-O-methylthymidine inhibits the growth of cancer cells is not known but may be due to its ability to act as a diphosphate activator or a deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidite.

N4-Benzoyl-3'-deoxycytidine is a novel antiviral agent that has shown activity against DNA and RNA viruses. It is an activator of DNA polymerase, which is essential for replication of viral nucleic acids. The compound is a modified nucleoside with a benzoyl group at the 4' position of the ribose moiety. It also has phosphoramidite, monophosphate, and diphosphate analogues. N4-Benzoyl-3'-deoxycytidine binds to the enzyme DNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting its ability to synthesize deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. This results in inhibition of viral DNA synthesis and subsequent inhibition of viral replication.

8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)-2'-O-methyladenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-CPT-cAMP) is a cyclic nucleotide that activates adenyl cyclase, which increases intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP. It also inhibits P2Y receptors and other ion channels. 8-CPT-cAMP has been shown to be effective in activating cells expressing the enzyme camp levels, such as those found in heart muscle cells. This drug is used clinically to lower blood pressure, as it has been shown to activate amp-activated protein kinase and calcium chelator. 8-CPT-cAMP may have clinical applications for the treatment of cancer due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

N2,2'-O-Dimethylguanosine is a nucleoside that belongs to the category of modified bases. It is synthesized from adenosine and a methyl group by a mutant strain of Escherichia coli. N2,2'-O-Dimethylguanosine can be identified by its characteristic UV-visible spectrum and high retention time on chromatographic columns. It has been shown to inhibit translation in E. coli at concentrations as low as 1 mM and also inhibits growth rate at concentrations as low as 2 mM. The chemical structure of this compound is similar to that of guanosine, but it contains an extra methyl group on its 2' carbon atom. This chemical modification may result in changes in the way the molecule interacts with other molecules or how it functions in the cell. N2,2'-O-Dimethylguanosine was first identified from a mutant strain of Escherichia coli that had been subjected to mutagenesis

5'-O-DMT-2'-O-hexylphthalimidouridine is a novel nucleoside analog with anticancer activity. It is a modified nucleoside that has been synthesized and purified in high purity. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-hexylphthalimidouridine is an activator of DNA and RNA synthesis and has antiviral properties. It also inhibits the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) by human synovial cells. This compound binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme, which prevents transcription of genetic material from DNA templates into messenger RNA. This leads to inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death by apoptosis.

2-Chloroisonicotinic acid is a halogenated derivative of isonicotinic acid where a chlorine atom is substituted at the 2-position of the pyridine ring (next to the carboxylic acid group).

7-Deaza-4-Cl-2'-deoxyguanosine is a novel antiviral drug that has been synthesized in the laboratory. It is an analogue of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside that is found in DNA and RNA. 7-Deaza-4-Cl-2'-deoxyguanosine has anti cancer properties because it inhibits the synthesis of DNA by inhibiting the activity of ribonucleoside reductase, an enzyme that converts ribonucleosides to deoxyribonucleosides. This drug has been shown to have potent anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells and mouse leukemia cells.

N4-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine is a chemical compound that has been the subject of recent research in the field of complex system. It is an aromatic compound that is found in β-pinene, monoterpenes, and other plant products. N4-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine has not been shown to have any significant biological activity.

4-Hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine (4-OHMP) is a metabolite of trimethyltin. It is formed in the liver by methylation of 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine (4,6-DMPU). The levels of 4-OHMP in urine samples are used to monitor exposure to this agent. The median values for urinary concentrations of 4-OHMP are typically 10 times higher than those found in blood samples. The metabolite can be detected in urine up to 2 weeks after an individual’s last contact with trimethyltin. This compound has been shown to inhibit the synthesis of glycol dimethyl ethers and carbamates.

Fludarabine is a purine analog and works by interfering with DNA synthesis, which helps to stop the growth of cancer cells.

2',3'-Dideoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine is a nucleoside for use in research applications

8-(4-Chlorophenylthio)adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate monosodium salt (8-CPT-cAMP) is a cytosolic second messenger that regulates physiological processes. It interacts with the G protein coupled receptor 2-adrenergic receptor, and activates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. 8-CPT-cAMP also induces mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which leads to cell death. The pro-apoptotic protein Bax is upregulated by 8-CPT-cAMP in cells and contributes to cell death.

L-Cytidine is a nucleoside that is found in the body, and is also used as a drug. It is a precursor to other nucleosides, such as cytidine triphosphate, which is involved in DNA synthesis and repair. L-Cytidine has been shown to be effective against HIV infection by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme ns3 protease. This inhibition prevents viral proteins from being released from cells and infecting other cells. L-Cytidine has also been shown to be an inhibitor of creatine kinase and glycosidation, two enzymes that are necessary for cell metabolism. L-Cytidine has also been shown to be reactive with halides, which may lead to unwanted side effects.