Nucleotides

L-Guanosine is an enantiomer of adenosine. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and viruses, such as HIV. L-Guanosine is activated by phosphorylation, which leads to its binding with DNA and inhibition of viral replication. L-Guanosine is also a potent inhibitor of mammalian cell proliferation. It binds to the enzyme adenosyltransferase, thereby inhibiting the production of nucleotides, which are necessary for DNA synthesis. This inhibition causes cell death due to lack of DNA synthesis and protein production.

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Also known as AMT, this is a catabolite of the nucleoside analog zidovudine (AZT), a drug used to treat HIV infection.

N4-Etheno 2'-deoxycytidine is an aromatic hydrocarbon that has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis. It binds covalently with the N4 position of deoxycytidine in DNA, thereby inhibiting transcription and replication. This drug has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of DNA synthesis in human cells when it is added to the culture medium, but it does not inhibit protein synthesis. N4-Etheno 2'-deoxycytidine can also react with hydrogen bonds in cellular proteins and nucleosides that are involved in DNA repair mechanisms. This drug is reactive and may cause oxidative damage to cellular components, which may lead to carcinogenesis.

N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxycytidine is a fluorescent nucleoside that has been used to study the molecular interactions between sugar residues and the phosphate groups of nucleic acids. It is used as a reagent for glycosidation, which involves the formation of a glycosidic linkage between an alcohol group in a saccharide or oligosaccharide and the hydroxyl group in an aromatic acid. N4-Benzoyl-2'-deoxycytidine has also been synthesized by solid-phase techniques. This synthetic method is based on phosphoramidite chemistry and uses an automated DNA synthesizer to produce oligonucleotides with specific sequences. The synthesis of this nucleoside relies on the use of fluorescent dyes such as fluorescein, rhodamine, and coumarin to monitor progress during synthesis.

2-Chloroinosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog derived from inosine, in which a chlorine atom is substituted at the 2-position of the purine base (hypoxanthine). This modifcation causes altered reactivity and can be used in research applications

2'-O-Methyl-5-methyluridine is a nucleoside that is involved in the synthesis of RNA. It is a component of the 5-methyluridine (5MU) and 2'-O-methyl-5-hydroxymethyluridine (2'OMMU) families of nucleotides. This compound has been shown to be effective against organisms such as E. coli, S. typhimurium, and C. parapsilosis, which are amide sensitive. The amide group of 2'-O-methyl-5-methyluridine can be cleaved by reagents such as hydrazine or tris(2,4,6,-trimethlyphenyl)phosphonium bromide to form 5MU and 2'OMMU respectively. The modifications to the ribose ring are important for its activity and function in cells. The modification of the ribose ring is catalyzed by enzymes called

2'-O-Methylguanosine 5'-triphosphate lithium salt is a synthetic nucleotide

2'-O-Methylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt is a synthetic, modified nucleoside analog. It can be used as an antiviral agent and anticancer drug to inhibit viral replication and tumor growth. 2'-O-Methylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt has the ability to activate cellular DNA synthesis. This compound also inhibits RNA polymerase activity in cancer cells, which inhibits the production of proteins vital for cell division. 2'-O-Methylcytidine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt can be used as a phosphoramidite building block for the synthesis of oligonucleotides with novel structures.

S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM-e) is a co-substrate involved in methyl group transfer to nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. SAM-e is produced in the liver from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by action of the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase. Therapeutic use of S-adenosyl-L-methionine includes osteoarthritis, liver disease and major depressive disorder. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is available as a dietary supplement.

8-Methyladenosine is an acid conjugate that can be found in the urine of healthy people. It is a protonated molecule that binds to a p2 subtype of the G protein-coupled receptor, which is activated by adenosine and 8-methyladenosine. This drug has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of herpes simplex virus and cervical cancer. The intramolecular hydrogen bond between the methyl group and the adenosine ring is responsible for its high binding affinity for this receptor. The glycosidic bond is formed when an 8-methyladenosine molecule attaches to a receptor on a cell surface, forming an intramolecular hydrogen bond with the receptor's amino acid side chain. This bond is broken when a protonated molecule of 8-methyladenosine enters the cell and interacts with the receptor, resulting in activation of this receptor.

5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-5-methyluridine is a modified nucleoside that is used in the synthesis of DNA. It is an anticancer drug and antiviral agent. 5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methyl-5-methyluridine has been shown to inhibit the growth of leukemia cells, even when they are resistant to other drugs. It also inhibits certain viruses, such as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), by preventing viral replication and inhibiting protein synthesis. This nucleoside is synthesized from 5'-O-DMT and 2'-O-methylcytosine.

2-Amino-6-chloro-9-(2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-b-D-ribofuranosyl)purine is a protected nucleoside analog.In this compound the sugar’s hydroxyl groups are acetylated to make it chemically stable and reactive in nucleoside chemistry.

2'-Deoxy-N2-DMF-5'-O-DMT-guanosine is a monophosphate nucleoside that has antiviral, anticancer, and high purity properties. It is synthesized by the phosphoramidite method from 2'-deoxy-N2-DMF and 5'-O-DMT guanosine. This compound has been shown to inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. It also inhibits HIV replication in vitro and is not toxic to normal cells.

Acadesine is a purine nucleoside analogue that inhibits the synthesis of ATP in cells. Acadesine blocks phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by inhibiting the activity of kinase-3, an enzyme involved in the production of ATP. Acadesine also inhibits the release of ATP from muscle cells into the blood stream and preferentially targets kidney cells, thereby reducing renal injury. Acadesine has been shown to be effective at reducing proteinuria and improving renal function in rats with acute kidney injury. Acadesine also has anti-inflammatory properties due to its ability to inhibit proteins that are involved in inflammation.

N4-Benzoyl-5'-O-DMT-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methylcytidine is a new nucleoside analogue that is a phosphoramidite. It has been synthesized as an anticancer agent and antiviral drug. N4-Benzoyl-5'-O-DMT-2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-5-methylcytidine has been shown to inhibit the growth of human tumor cells in vitro, suggesting that it may have anticancer activity. This compound also inhibits viral replication by inhibiting DNA synthesis and RNA transcription in infected cells.

8-(p-Chlorophenylthio)-cGMP is a modified nucleoside that has anticancer activity. It inhibits DNA synthesis and the activation of protein kinases, which are enzymes that transmit signals from the cell surface to the nucleus. 8-(p-Chlorophenylthio)-cGMP can also inhibit viral replication by inhibiting the production of new virus particles and by inhibiting the action of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that converts RNA into DNA.

Adenosine 2',3'-cyclic monophosphate triethylammonium salt (AMP-TEA) is a structural analogue of adenosine. It is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis by preventing the phosphodiesterase activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. AMP-TEA can be used as a tool to study translation in tissue culture, as well as to examine the effects on protein synthesis and other biochemical reactions that are regulated by cyclic nucleotides. It is also used for the preparation of tissue samples for enzymatic analysis or for radiolabeling experiments. AMP-TEA has an optimum pH of 4.5, but can be used at lower or higher pH values. The optimal temperature range for use is between 0°C and 50°C, with the maximum stability occurring at 37°C.

Diquafosol Impurity 2 is a high-purity phosphoramidite that can be used for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and deoxyribonucleosides. This product is also a novel activator for phosphoramidites. Diquafosol Impurity 2 has CAS No. 63785-59-1 and a molecular weight of 228.24 g/mol. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents.

3'-Azido-3'-deoxyadenosine is an initiator that can be used in oligoribonucleotide synthesis. It is stable, nonhydrolyzable and does not require any protecting groups for its use. 3'-Azido-3'-deoxyadenosine is efficient at initiating the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and has been shown to be a good substrate for biochemical studies. This compound is functionalized with a ribose group, which can be linked to other substances. The linkage of this compound to other substances allows it to be used as a building block for the production of oligoribonucleotides.

Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analog that is used as an antiviral agent. Ribavirin 5'-monophosphate dilithium (RPM) is a high-quality, novel phosphoramidite monophosphate of ribavirin. It has antiviral activity against herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and poxviruses. The antiviral properties of RPM are due to its ability to inhibit viral RNA synthesis through inhibition of the viral enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. RPM is also active against DNA viruses such as human papilloma virus and Epstein-Barr virus.

5'-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-thymidine (TBS-T) is a class of nucleoside that is synthesized by condensation of two molecules of 5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (TBDPS) and N6-benzoyladenine. TBS-Ts are used in the synthesis of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides. They have been shown to be useful as activators for the formation of phosphite linkages at the 3' terminus of DNA oligonucleotides. TBS-T is also used in other applications, such as the preparation of diastereomerically pure nucleosides for use in chemical reactions.

N-Cbz gemcitabine is a novel nucleoside analog that is chemically modified to be activated by enzymes in the cell. It has been shown to have high purity and high quality. In addition, N-Cbz gemcitabine is an anticancer drug that is most effective against cells with a low number of nucleotides per cell. This drug has shown antiviral properties and is used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients.

N4-Acetyl-5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methylcytidine is a cytidine analogue that has been synthesized to be used as an enzyme-linked probe. It is labelled with biotin and can be detected by binding to an antibody which has been labelled with a fluorescent tag. Cytidine analogues are synthesized on a solid phase and then cleaved from the support material. The spacer arm is added to the 5' end of the nucleotide and the 3'-OH group is modified with 2'-O-methyl groups. N4-Acetyl-5'-O-DMT-2'-O-methylcytidine has been shown to be sensitive in techniques such as solid phase synthesis, nucleic acid research, and immunoassays.

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8-Azidoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphosphate is used for nucleotide labelling via a click reaction involving the azide moiety and a terminal alkyne conjugated to a label. The reaction generates a stable nucleotide labelled adduct containing a triazole link.

N4-Acetyl-2'-deoxy-5-methylcytidine is a novel nucleoside analog of cytidine. It has been shown to be an activator of the immune system, and has antiviral and anticancer properties. This synthetic nucleoside is phosphorylated by kinases in cells to form N4-acetyl-2'-deoxy-5'-methyluridine monophosphate. The phosphate group can be removed by phosphatases in cells to yield N4-acetyl-2'-deoxycytidine, which is a precursor for DNA synthesis.

2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-fluoroguanosine is a synthetic nucleoside analog based on guanosine. It is structurally altered to interfere with DNA or RNA synthesis, making it potentially useful as an antiviral or anticancer agent.

8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) is a cyclic nucleotide that is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. It is a pharmacological agent that regulates the intracellular levels of cAMP and plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. 8-Br-cAMP binds to specific protein kinases and alters their activity. It also inhibits the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase II. 8-Br-cAMP has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in mice with bone cancer. The mechanism by which this drug exerts its antitumor effect appears to be related to increased expression of basic proteins and decreased expression of phosphatase 2A, leading to increased activation of protein kinase A. 8-Br-cAMP also causes cellular accumulation of Ca2+ ions by stimulating an increase in the activity of phospholipase C, which hydrolyzes phosphat

2',3'-Di-O-benzoyl-N6-benzoyl-L-adenosine (DBBA) is a modified nucleoside with anticancer, antiviral, and synthetic properties. It can be used as a building block for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, or other nucleotide analogues. DBBA has shown activity against certain cancer cells and has been found to inhibit the replication of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. DBBA is also known as 2',3'-Dibenzoyl-N6-benzoyladenosine.

2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)cytidine is a nutrient that is used to maintain the dry weight of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultures. It is also used as a texturizing agent in food products. 2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)cytidine has been shown to increase the rate of lactose hydrolysis and reduce the viscosity of yogurt by activating L. acidophilus. 2'-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)cytidine is also used as a dietary supplement for people with intestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome. It can be found in sodium salts and n-methyl-d-glucamine.

3',5'-Di-O-acetylthymidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that has antibacterial activity. It is an anomer of thymidine, which makes it a hydroxymethylated analog of thymine. It can be used in the preparation of uridine for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and to study the mechanism of action of this nucleoside on HIV-1 replication. 3',5'-Di-O-acetylthymidine binds to the ribose moiety of pyrimidines and inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting DNA synthesis. This compound also inhibits the growth of staphylococcus that are resistant to penicillin. The chemical structure of 3',5'-Di-O-acetylthymidine can be modified with different acetic acid substituents to produce other pyrimidine nucleosides with different antibacterial properties, such as 4-

2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine is a bifunctional drug that has both antibacterial and anticancer activity. This drug is used to treat leishmania infections, which are caused by protozoan parasites. 2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine suppresses the growth of these organisms by inhibiting RNA synthesis and protein synthesis. It also inhibits proliferation of cancer cells in vivo by targeting cancer cells with high levels of primary amines. 2'-Deoxy-5'-O-DMT-uridine is an effective chemotherapeutic agent that can be used to treat pancreatic cancers with high rates of primary amines (e.g., insulinoma).

P1-(5'-Adenosyl) P3-(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate sodium salt is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ATP. It is also a cofactor for adenylate kinase and pyruvate kinase. The synthesis of this compound takes place in human serum and requires the enzyme synthetase as well as sephadex g-100. Synthetase catalyzes the condensation of ATP with 5-AMP to yield P1-(5'-adenosyl) P3-(5'-adenosyl) triphosphate sodium salt. This reaction is reversible, and can be catalyzed by phosphohydrolases that hydrolyze ATP to AMP and inorganic phosphate. The physiological function of this compound is not yet clear, but it has been shown to increase intracellular Ca2+ levels in cardiac cells, leading to congestive heart failure. This compound has low potency, so it does not have any

2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-N2-isobutyrylguanosine is a modified nucleoside analog for research applications

This low molecular DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from salmon sperm is a fragment that is an effective indicator of the presence of guanine in urine samples, and can be used to detect lipoperoxidation in animal hemocytes. It has also been shown to be a sublethal oxidative stress agent for human urine, which induces irreversible oxidation in the enzyme activities of signal detection. According to some recent research studies, this product is being investigated as an environmental pollutant indicator and could be used as an effective wastewater treatment method.

1,5-Anhydro-3-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-(N8-(dimethylamino)methyleneguanidin-1-yl)-D-altro-hexitol is a synthetic, protected nucleoside analog built on a D-altro-hexitol backbone - which is a six-carbon sugar alcohol structure - and it includes a highly modified guanidine-like base at the 2-position. It has possible applications in synthetic nucleic acid chemistry

N2-Methylguanosine is an antiviral agent that has been modified from the natural form of guanosine. It has been shown to inhibit the replication of a number of viruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, cytomegalovirus, and others. N2-Methylguanosine also inhibits the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition to its antiviral activity, it has been found to have anticancer effects in preclinical studies. N2-Methylguanosine has also been shown to inhibit diphosphate kinase (DPK) and phosphoramidite synthase (PAS), enzymes that are involved in DNA replication. N2-Methylguanosine is synthesized by reacting 5'-monophosphate nucleosides with 2-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiourea followed by purification by ion exchange chromatography.

Uridine 5'-diphosphate choline ammonium salt is a chemical compound that contains two molecules of uridine and one molecule of choline. It is a hexamer with an empirical formula of C6H14N4O13P3. Uridine 5'-diphosphate choline ammonium salt can be found in plants and animals, as well as being synthesized by the human body. This compound is present in the interstitium, which are the spaces between cells, and may play a role in the nutritional status of humans.

4-Bromo-3,5-dichloropyridine is a reactive intermediate that is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It has low basicity and reacts with lithium to form the lithium salt. The salt can be deprotonated to form the bromide anion, which is more reactive than the chloride anion. 4-Bromo-3,5-dichloropyridine can also be used for the selective isomerization of ketones and related compounds. Bromine is added to prevent side reactions with oxygen. The intermediates are generated at the site of reaction by using an excess of diisopropylamide over bromination agent.

6-Azacytidine is a molecule that contains a hydroxyl group and a glycosidic bond. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of mollicutes, which are non-cellular bacteria. 6-Azacytidine has also been shown to be toxic in animal tissue culture studies. The drug can be eliminated through the urine or bile after being metabolized by the liver. 6-Azacytidine is not active against human cells in cell culture, but it does show some toxicity against human liver cells.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form, most commonly known as NADH, is a cofactor involved in the electron transport chain, in the metabolism of amino acids and many other cellular processes such as the synthesis of ATP. It is also a substrate for glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The reduced form of NADH can be used as an indicator for glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, it has been shown to have antioxidant properties by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. This product has been used in formulations of synthetic drugs for the treatment of women with long-term effects of menopause, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. It has also been used in the production of alginate gel, which can be used to create scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. More recently, in bioorganic chemistry, NADH has been used as a source of hydride species for reduction reactions.

8-Bromoadenosine is a nucleotide that is structurally related to adenosine. It can be used as an inhibitor of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and has shown biological properties in vitro. 8-Bromoadenosine has been shown to inhibit the mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic Ca2+, and the synthesis of RNA and protein. 8-Bromoadenosine also inhibits leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) production by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and induces apoptosis in T84 cells. The drug may be useful for the treatment of leukemia or obesity-related diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 2.

5-Fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt is an analog of uridine that has been used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. It is a prodrug that is metabolized to 5-fluorouracil, its active form. 5-Fluorouridine-5'-triphosphate sodium salt inhibits the synthesis of thymidylate, one of the precursors to DNA, and blocks the production of nucleotides. This results in cell lysis and death by apoptosis. The drug also inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which may contribute to its antitumor effects.