Nucleotides

2-Methylthio-N6-methyladenosine is an adenosine nucleoside that is found in the DNA of eukaryotes. It is similar to 2-methylthio-n6-isopentenyladenosine, which is a modified form of n6-methyladenosine. The chemical structures of both molecules are related to the thermodynamic properties of the molecule and their ability to be postsynthetically modified. These modifications can lead to changes in their translation, which can have implications for the development and progression of disease. 2-Methylthio-N6-methyladenosine has a role in epigenetics, which is defined as changes in gene expression without any alterations in DNA sequence. In this case, it may modify the chloride ion concentration by changing its chemical structure, leading to epigenetic changes that can affect how genes are expressed or translated into proteins.

2'-Deoxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrouridine (2DTHR) is a cytidine deaminase inhibitor that is used in vitro to inhibit the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). 2DTHR has been shown to be active against hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It is also reactive with tumor tissue and can be eliminated at a rate similar to that of deoxycytidine kinase. This drug binds to the enzyme target and inhibits its activity by increasing enzyme levels, which causes cell death. 2DTHR inhibits TNF production in tumor tissue by binding to cytidine deaminase and preventing conversion of cytidine into uracil. This drug has been shown to cause tumor inhibition in vitro.

1-(2'-Chloro-2'-deoxy-beta-L-arabinofuranosyl)thymine is a thymine molecule attached to a modified arabinose sugar. Scientists create and study these nucleoside analogs because they can have antiviral or anticancer properties. The changes in the sugar can affect how the molecule interacts with enzymes and other biological components.

2’-Deoxy-2’-fluorouridine 5’-monophosphate triethyl ammonium is a fluorinated nucleotide analog used in biochemical and medicinal research

5-Iodouridine is a pyrimidine nucleoside that is found in the human body. It is used as a starting material for the synthesis of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, which has been shown to have biological properties. 5-Iodouridine binds to the dna template and prevents radiation from altering it's conformation. This binding has been shown to be specific for ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with little absorption at visible wavelengths. The biological effects of 5-iodouridine are dependent on its acidic pH and hydrogen bonding ability. In vitro assays have demonstrated that this compound can inhibit prostate cancer cells from proliferating and may be useful in treating cervical cancer.

7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-7-iodoguanosine is a purine nucleoside that is synthesized from guanosine and iodine. It is used as a marker in sequencing reactions because it can be easily detected by UV light at 254 nm. 7-Deaza-2'-deoxy-7-iodoguanosine can be synthesized using the following general equation: In this reaction, the first product is 7-deazaadenosine (abbreviated as "dA"), which reacts with iodine to form 7-deazaguanosine (abbreviated as "dG"). The synthesis of 7-deazaguanosine requires an acidic environment.

4'-a-C-Methylcytidine is a nucleoside that is synthesized from 4'-a-C-methyluridine. It has antiviral and anticancer properties, and has been shown to be a potent activator of the immune system. The modified nucleosides in this compound are thought to be less toxic than other cytotoxic agents. 4'-a-C-Methylcytidine is also used as a building block for the synthesis of DNA, RNA and phosphoramidites.

1-(b-D-Arabinofuranosyl)uracil is a nucleoside analog containing uracil, a nitrogenous base found in RNA, and a β-D-Arabinofuranose sugar. This compound could be used to study its effects on DNA/RNA synthesis.

5'-Deoxythymidine is a nucleoside analog with low-energy electrons. This drug inhibits the synthesis of DNA by binding to the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme and preventing the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. 5'-Deoxythymidine has been shown to inhibit cell growth in tumor cell lines, which may be due to its ability to interfere with mirna-mediated gene expression. This drug also has a kinetic effect on regulatory proteins, such as cyclin-dependent kinases, that are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression.

2'-O-Methylinosine is a nucleoside that is structurally related to inosine. It has been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in HIV-infected cells by inhibiting the synthesis of rRNA and by inhibiting the activity of the transcriptase enzyme. 2'-O-Methylinosine has also been shown to inhibit the replication of RNA viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus, and it can be used as an experimental model for studying apoptosis. 2'-O-Methylinosine can be synthesized from inosine using a chromatographic method that utilizes hydroxylamine. The chemical structure of this nucleoside is amphipathic, which allows it to bind both DNA and RNA strands.

Fialuridine 5'-monophosphate is an analog of fialuridine, a drug used to treat HIV. Fialuridine 5'-monophosphate inhibits mitochondrial DNA synthesis by inhibiting hepg2 in the mitochondria and blocks the conversion of uracil to thymine in nuclear DNA. The inhibition of these two processes prevents viral replication and cell division. Fialuridine 5'-monophosphate also has antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species. This drug may be beneficial for cancer treatment as well as hepatitis C or herpes simplex virus infection.

2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is a nucleoside analog that inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, which is involved in the synthesis of DNA. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis in vivo. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine has also been shown to inhibit tumor growth in animal models by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species and upregulating tumor suppressor genes, such as p53. This drug also has inhibitory effects on enzymes that are involved in cell proliferation, such as protein kinase C and tyrosine kinases. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine is metabolized by water vapor, so it must be administered with a humidifier or nebulizer. 2'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyridine sulphate is a nucleoside for use in research applications

1-(2'-Deoxy-3',5'-di-O-toluoyl-b-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-amino-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3,5-triazine is a nucleoside derivative that features a modified pyrimidinone (triazine) base attached to a protected deoxyribose sugar. This molecule can be used in research.

5′-O-DMT-LNA N-dmf guanosine is a modified nucleoside that has anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities. It binds to the ribonucleotide reductase enzyme, which is an enzyme required for the production of new DNA and RNA. This binding prevents the synthesis of new DNA and RNA in cells, leading to cell death. 5′-O-DMT-LNA N-dmf guanosine has been shown to be active against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, it also inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) by binding to reverse transcriptase (RT), which is an enzyme critical for HIV replication.

Antiviral compound; inhibitor of viral RNA replication