Antimicrobiens

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Lucimycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces bacterial strains. This compound exerts its antibacterial effects by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and effectively halting bacterial growth. Lucimycin is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative species, making it a valuable tool in both clinical and research settings. The primary applications of Lucimycin are in the treatment of various bacterial infections where conventional antibiotics may fail or serve as second-line treatments. In research laboratories, it is often used to study bacterial resistance mechanisms and the efficacy of novel antibacterial combinations. Its unique mode of action provides essential insights into ribosomal function and protein synthesis pathways, contributing to the broader understanding of microbial biochemistry and cellular biology. Due to its potent inhibitory effects and specific action, Lucimycin remains a critical component in the arsenal against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.

Finafloxacin hydrochloride is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from the fluoroquinolone class. Its source is a chemically engineered structure, specifically designed to combat bacterial infections effectively. The mode of action of Finafloxacin hydrochloride involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes responsible for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in bacteria. By inhibiting these enzymes, it disrupts bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death and resolution of the infection. Finafloxacin hydrochloride is primarily used in the treatment of complex bacterial infections, particularly those that demonstrate resistance to other quinolones. Its applications extend to both clinical and research settings, where it is employed to explore bacterial resistance mechanisms and new treatment protocols. It is noteworthy for its superior activity in acidic environments, making it particularly effective in treating infections such as those found in urinary tracts or stomachs, where acidity can inhibit other antibiotics. The formulation and deployment of Finafloxacin hydrochloride underline its importance in ongoing efforts to address the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance in modern medicine.

DL-chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from natural chloramphenicol originally isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae. This compound exerts its effects by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, preventing peptide bond formation and consequently halting the growth of susceptible bacteria. The optical isomer, DL-chloramphenicol, contains equal parts of both D- and L- isomers, with the L-form being responsible for its antibiotic activity. In research settings, DL-chloramphenicol serves as a valuable tool for studying bacterial mechanisms and pathways. Its broad-spectrum effectiveness makes it useful in laboratory applications where a wide range of bacterial inhibition is needed. Additionally, the antibiotic is utilized in investigations related to translational processes and protein synthesis inhibition. However, due to potential adverse effects, such as bone marrow suppression, its clinical use is limited and monitored. Researchers often harness its properties to elucidate cellular responses to antibiotic stress and to develop new antibacterial strategies.

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Filipin is a polyene macrolide antifungal agent with action on cholesterol in cell membranes and is used for histochemical staining and research on cholesterol metabolism.

Pazufloxacin is an antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originating from the fluoroquinolone class of compounds. This source categorizes it alongside a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics known for their efficacy against a wide variety of bacterial pathogens. The mode of action of pazufloxacin involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These are essential enzymes for bacterial DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination processes. By inhibiting these enzymes, pazufloxacin disrupts the bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death. Pazufloxacin is employed in clinical settings primarily for the treatment of several bacterial infections. Its applications include managing respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and skin infections. The compound is particularly valued for its potency and broad activity spectrum, making it a critical option in circumstances where resistance to other antibiotics is encountered. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic properties of pazufloxacin facilitate effective reach into tissues, enhancing its therapeutic efficacy. Nonetheless, as with other antibiotics, cautious use is advised to mitigate the development of resistance.

Inhibitor of DNA replication; aminoglycoside class

7-epi-Clindamycin is a clindamycin derivative, which is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. Its mode of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This results in the suppression of bacterial growth, making it effective against certain Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic species. In the context of microbial pharmacology and medicinal chemistry, 7-epi-Clindamycin is particularly noted for its potential in combating bacterial infections that are resistant to other antibiotics. It is of interest in scientific studies focusing on antibiotic resistance and the development of new therapeutic agents. Its applications extend to research settings where detailed mechanisms of antibiotic action are explored, as well as in the characterization of new antibiotic derivatives. Through its structural influence on ribosomal function, it serves as a critical tool for understanding bacterial physiology and the development of resistance.

Applications N-Cyanocyanamide Sodium Salt is used in the preparation of ionic liquids displaying antimicrobial activity. Also used in the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles used in biomass refining. References Gore, R. et al.: Green Chem., 15, 2727 (2013); Xu, X. et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 16987, (2012);

Imidocarb Dipropionate is an antiprotozoal compound with a mode of action that interferes with the glycolysis of parasites like Babesia. It is used for treating infections such as babesiosis in animals.

Applications Anesthetic, analgesic, antimicrobial and cooling agent for prevention or treatment of skin irritation. References Gaster, L.M., et al.: J. Med. Chem., 36, 4121 (1993),

3'-N-Desmethyl-3'-N-tosyl azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic analog, which is a derivative of azithromycin, a well-known member of the macrolide class of antibiotics. This compound is synthesized through chemical modifications of the parent molecule, azithromycin, to potentially enhance its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The mode of action of 3'-N-Desmethyl-3'-N-tosyl azithromycin mirrors that of other macrolides, functioning by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible bacteria. This binding inhibits RNA-dependent protein synthesis by preventing the translocation steps in protein elongation, ultimately leading to bacterial growth inhibition. Research into 3'-N-Desmethyl-3'-N-tosyl azithromycin is ongoing, with primary investigations focused on its efficacy against various bacterial strains, especially those resistant to conventional antibiotics. Its applications are currently centered on laboratory and clinical trials aiming to evaluate its potential as a treatment option for bacterial infections, particularly those that no longer respond to standard therapies. Scientists continue to explore its spectrum of activity, effectiveness, and safety profile, with a view toward future therapeutic use.

BRITE-338733 is an advanced biotechnological product, which is derived from microbial fermentation with high specificity enzymatic action. This product is engineered to efficiently catalyze specific biochemical reactions, thereby facilitating various lab-scale processes. BRITE-338733 employs a unique mode of action where it interacts with substrates at a molecular level to accelerate reaction rates while ensuring precision and minimal byproduct formation. This mode of action is crucial for research settings where accuracy and reproducibility are paramount. Primarily, BRITE-338733 finds extensive applications in molecular biology, encompassing DNA synthesis, genomic studies, and enzyme assays. Its ability to maintain stability under different experimental conditions makes it an invaluable tool in both basic and applied research. Additionally, BRITE-338733 is used in developing novel methodologies for investigating metabolic pathways and enzyme functions, offering insights that can drive further innovation in biotechnology and life sciences.

6-(2-Chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoro-4(3H)-pyrimidinone is a heterocyclic compound, which is a synthetic derivative developed for biochemical research. This compound is synthesized through a series of organic reactions, involving halogenation and cyclization techniques, typically conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. Its design incorporates specific structural features, such as the chlorophenoxy and fluoro groups, which are strategically positioned to enhance its binding affinity and specificity. The mode of action of 6-(2-Chlorophenoxy)-5-fluoro-4(3H)-pyrimidinone involves the inhibition of particular enzymatic pathways. It acts as an antagonist to certain active sites in target enzymes, thereby modulating biochemical pathways that are of interest in various therapeutic areas. This characteristic renders it a valuable tool in the study of enzyme function and drug discovery processes. In terms of applications, this compound is predominantly used in medicinal chemistry for the exploration of novel drug candidates. It serves as a lead compound in the development of treatments for diseases where enzyme modulation is a proven strategy. Researchers utilize it to probe the biochemical intricacies of disease mechanisms, paving the way for the development of targeted therapies.

Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory tract and skin infections.

Carumonam disodium is a monobactam antibiotic, which is derived from microbial fermentation processes. Its mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. This binding inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death. Carumonam disodium is used primarily in clinical settings to treat infections caused by Gram-negative organisms, particularly in cases where other treatments may be ineffective due to resistance. Its specificity and efficacy against Gram-negative pathogens make it a valuable tool in medical contexts, especially for patients who are allergic to penicillins or cephalosporins. Being a monobactam, it possesses structures that differentiate it from other beta-lactams, providing an alternative therapeutic option in managing complex bacterial infections.

Neospiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in research applications.

PNU 142300 is a non-peptidyl anticoagulant, which is a synthetically derived small molecule. This compound is sourced from advanced chemical synthesis techniques that focus on mimicking biological activity through non-biological materials. PNU 142300 acts by specifically inhibiting factor Xa, a crucial enzyme in the coagulation cascade responsible for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. By targeting this enzyme, it effectively prevents the formation of blood clots, thereby exhibiting potent anticoagulant properties. The primary application of PNU 142300 lies in preventing thromboembolic disorders, such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, particularly in patients who are predisposed to such conditions due to surgery, immobility, or specific health issues. Researchers are particularly interested in its potential for providing targeted anticoagulation with a reduced risk of bleeding compared to traditional anticoagulants. Clinical trials are essential for assessing the efficacy, safety, and potential side effects of PNU 142300, and it remains a subject of ongoing investigation in the field of hematology and cardiovascular research.

Dicloxacillin is a penicillin antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and urinary tract. It binds to the penicillin-binding proteins in bacterial cell walls by competitive inhibition. Dicloxacillin inhibits bacterial growth by binding to the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division. This drug also has a toxic effect on respiratory system cells, which may be due to its ability to induce apoptosis. Dicloxacillin sodium salt is available as tablets for oral administration or as an intravenous solution for injection. It can interact with other drugs, such as benzalkonium chloride and matrix effect; it also has analytical methods such as chromatographic analysis and rate constant.

Tyrothricin is a peptide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Bacillus brevis. This compound comprises a mixture of polypeptides, primarily gramicidin and tyrocidine, both of which are instrumental in its antimicrobial activity. The mode of action of tyrothricin involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell lysis and death. Gramicidin increases the permeability of the bacterial membrane to ions, while tyrocidine promotes disruption of membrane integrity, which together exert bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. Tyrothricin is primarily used in topical applications, leveraging its potent antibacterial properties to treat skin infections and wound infections. It is generally not used systemically due to toxicity concerns when administered internally. In clinical settings, it is incorporated into ointments or lozenges to combat local bacterial infections, taking advantage of its efficacy against Gram-positive bacteria. The restricted scope of tyrothricin's therapeutic use is balanced by its invaluable role in specific, targeted treatments where broad-spectrum antibiotics are unsuitable or pose the risk of enhanced resistance.

N-Acetylamphotericin B is a derivative of the well-known antifungal agent Amphotericin B, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces nodosus*. This compound is an acetylated version of Amphotericin B, designed to improve certain pharmacokinetic properties. It operates by binding to ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes, leading to the formation of pores that disrupt membrane integrity, causing cell death. The acetylation is intended to reduce the compound's cytotoxicity and improve its solubility in aqueous solutions, potentially allowing for enhanced therapeutic applications. The primary use of N-Acetylamphotericin B is in the treatment of systemic fungal infections, particularly in cases where conventional Amphotericin B may pose challenges due to toxicity or poor solubility. It may also be used in research contexts to study the mechanism of antifungal action and evaluate modifications that improve drug profiles. This derivative is significant for scientists focusing on antifungal drug development and delivery, representing an evolutionary step towards safer and more effective fungal therapeutics.

Polymyxin B nonapeptide TFA is an antimicrobial peptide, which is derived from the bacterium *Bacillus polymyxa*. This peptide is a truncated form of polymyxin B, lacking the fatty acyl tail and N-terminal amino acid, resulting in a nonapeptide structure. Its mode of action involves binding to the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, thereby disrupting the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. This interaction increases membrane permeability and leads to cell lysis, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria. Due to its unique properties, Polymyxin B nonapeptide TFA is utilized primarily in research settings to study bacterial membrane dynamics and permeability. It serves as a valuable tool in elucidating the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and membrane protein interactions. Additionally, it is often used in combination with other antibiotics to enhance their efficacy against multi-drug-resistant organisms. Its ability to alter membrane permeability without the traditional cytotoxic effects associated with complete polymyxin B allows for a more nuanced exploration of bacterial physiology and drug interaction studies.

1-(6-Amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-7-[3-[3-[[1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoro-2-pyridinyl)-3-carboxy-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-quinolinyl]amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1-azetidinyl]-8-chloro-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, engineered through synthetic chemistry. It is derived from chemical sources involving complex organic synthesis, highlighting its intricate molecular architecture. Its mode of action is distinctive, as it inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes crucial for DNA replication and transcription. This interference with bacterial DNA processes results in bactericidal effects, effectively eliminating susceptible bacterial strains. This compound serves primarily in the treatment of various bacterial infections, demonstrating utility against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Its application extends to clinical settings where resistant bacterial strains pose significant challenges, making it a critical tool in antimicrobial therapy. The structural sophistication of this compound allows it to maintain efficacy where other antibiotics may fail, due to its enhanced binding affinity and resistance to common resistance mechanisms.

Clofazimine is a phenazine dye antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA interference and is used for treating leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum.

Cyprazine-desisopropyl is a metabolite, which is a derivative form resulting from the biotransformation of cyromazine, an insect growth regulator. Cyromazine is originally sourced as a triazine-class pesticide, commonly used to control insect populations by disrupting their growth processes. Cyprazine-desisopropyl, similarly, impacts the development stages of target insect species. The mode of action of Cyprazine-desisopropyl involves interference with molting and other growth-regulating pathways. This disruption prevents the proper development of larvae into mature insects, effectively reducing subsequent populations. Given its targeted mode of action, it is particularly applied in agricultural settings where control over fly and pest populations is crucial. Specifically, it is utilized in environments such as poultry and livestock facilities, where maintaining low levels of pest proliferation is essential for animal health and farm productivity. Scientists focus on understanding its metabolic and environmental fate to optimize its application and mitigate any potential non-target effects.

Enduracidin hydrochloride is an antimicrobial compound, which is a lipopeptide antibiotic derived from the genus Streptomyces, specifically Streptomyces fungicidicus or Streptomyces roseosporus. The compound exerts its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, primarily targeting the lipid II cycle, a critical precursor in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This inhibition disrupts the construction of peptidoglycan layers, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death. Enduracidin hydrochloride is primarily utilized in research settings to study bacterial cell wall synthesis and resistance mechanisms. It is particularly valuable in investigating Gram-positive bacterial pathogens, where its mode of action offers insights into potential therapeutic interventions. Due to its specificity and potency, enduracidin hydrochloride remains a significant focus in the development of new antibiotic formulations and the exploration of synergistic effects with other antimicrobial agents.

Pikromycin is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces venezuelae*. It functions by specifically binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. This action effectively blocks peptide chain elongation, leading to the cessation of bacterial growth and proliferation. Pikromycin serves as an important model compound in antibiotic research, particularly in the study of macrolides and polyketides, due to its unique structure and biosynthetic pathway. Applications of pikromycin extend to both basic and applied scientific research. In the lab, it is often used to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance in bacterial strains and to inform the development of new antibiotics with enhanced efficacy against resistant pathogens. Furthermore, its role as a template for semi-synthetic modification allows the exploration of novel derivatives with potentially improved pharmacokinetic properties. Understanding its biosynthetic gene clusters also aids in synthetic biology approaches, aiming to engineer bacteria for the production of commercially relevant macrolides.

Applications p-Salicylic Acid 4-Sulfate is a urine metabolite of Methylated paraben (B693600), an antimicrobial agent used in cosmetic products. References Tsukamoto, H., et al: Chem. Pharma. Bull., 10, 86 (1962); Desai, N.B., et al.: J. Sci. Indust. Res., 14, 330 (1955);

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8-epiAtazanavir is a stereoisomer of the antiretroviral drug Atazanavir, which is derived from synthetic sources. It acts as an HIV-1 protease inhibitor, where it binds to the active site of the viral protease enzyme, thereby preventing the cleavage of precursor proteins required for the maturation of infectious viral particles. This interference with viral replication is achieved by the structural mimicry of the natural substrate of the protease, allowing it to competitively inhibit the enzyme's activity. The applications of 8-epiAtazanavir are primarily in the field of HIV research, where it is utilized to investigate the stereochemistry and efficacy of protease inhibitors. Researchers may employ this compound in studies that assess the impact of stereochemistry on drug action and resistance profiles. Additionally, it provides insights into the design and development of novel therapeutics targeting viral proteases, contributing to the optimization of antiretroviral therapies. Its specific role as an isomer makes it a valuable tool in comparative analyses with the more widely used Atazanavir.

CAP 3 is an enzymatic product, derived from genetically engineered microorganisms, known for its specificity and efficiency in catalyzing biochemical reactions. This enzyme functions via the hydrolysis of specific chemical bonds, promoting reaction pathways that enhance productivity in various industrial and laboratory settings. The primary applications of CAP 3 involve the biotransformation processes in the pharmaceutical industry, where it facilitates the synthesis of complex compounds with high precision. Additionally, it finds use in the chemical industry for the production of fine chemicals, leveraging its catalytic capabilities to improve yield and process efficiency. In research laboratories, CAP 3 serves as a critical tool for studying enzyme mechanisms and exploring novel biochemical pathways. The enzyme's specificity is attributed to its engineered active site, which allows it to interact with target molecules selectively, reducing the likelihood of unwanted side reactions. This makes CAP 3 invaluable in processes where high purity and control are paramount. Its stability and activity under various conditions further underscore its utility in both experimental and industrial applications, offering a robust solution for scientists seeking to optimize their processes.

4-Epitetracycline ammonium is a tetracycline analog, which is a derivative of the well-known antibiotic tetracycline. This compound is synthesized from naturally occurring tetracycline through chemical modification, involving the alteration of the hydroxyl group at the C-4 position. As a result, 4-Epitetracycline ammonium retains the fundamental characteristics of its parent compound. The mode of action for 4-Epitetracycline ammonium is the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It achieves this by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, blocking the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This action effectively halts the addition of new amino acids to the nascent peptide chain, disrupting bacterial growth and replication. 4-Epitetracycline ammonium is utilized in various applications, particularly in microbiological research, where it serves as an investigative tool for studying bacterial resistance mechanisms and protein synthesis pathways. Its structural modification may influence resistance profiles, offering insights into antibiotic development and potentially broadening the spectrum of activity or reducing known resistance in certain bacterial strains.

Carbovir triphosphate triethylamine is a nucleotide analog, which is a derivative of nucleoside analogs designed for antiviral applications. It is synthesized through chemical modification of guanosine analogs, resulting in its active triphosphate form. This compound functions as a potent antiretroviral agent by mimicking natural nucleotides and interfering with viral DNA synthesis. The active triphosphate impedes the action of viral reverse transcriptase by incorporating itself into the viral DNA chain, causing premature termination and effectively halting viral replication. In scientific research, Carbovir triphosphate triethylamine is primarily explored for its efficacy against HIV-1. Its mechanism of action provides insights into developing therapeutic strategies to manage retroviral infections. The compound’s ability to inhibit viral replication makes it a valuable tool in the study of drug resistance mutations and antiviral drug development. Researchers focus on its pharmacokinetics, metabolic stability, and potential to overcome existing challenges in antiviral therapy. The detailed study of such compounds aids in the advancement of novel treatments and the enhancement of current antiviral regimens.

Haloxyfop-phenol is a selective herbicide, which is a synthetic chemical compound derived from aryloxyphenoxypropionate. It acts as an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor, targeting the enzyme critical for fatty acid synthesis in grasses. This mode of action disrupts lipid production in susceptible grass species, leading to cessation of growth and eventual plant death. Haloxyfop-phenol is primarily employed in agricultural and horticultural settings to control annual and perennial grass weeds in broadleaf crops such as soybeans, cotton, and vegetables. Its specificity for grasses makes it an invaluable tool in integrated weed management strategies, minimizing damage to broadleaf plants while effectively managing weed populations.

Fenpicoxamid-phenol is a fungicide, which is a synthetic chemical compound primarily used in agriculture. It originates from advanced chemical synthesis methods that leverage specific molecular architectures to inhibit fungal growth effectively. The mode of action involves targeting and disrupting fungal respiration at the mitochondrial level, specifically inhibiting complex III of the electron transport chain. This selective interference curtails energy production in the fungal cells, thereby halting their growth and propagation. Fenpicoxamid-phenol is typically applied to crops susceptible to diseases like Septoria, which can devastate yields and quality. Its use is critical in managing and controlling fungal outbreaks in cereals and other staple crops, ensuring food security and supporting agricultural productivity. This compound is favored for its efficacy and specificity, making it an essential component in integrated pest management strategies. By understanding its precise mode of action, researchers and agricultural professionals can optimize its application to maximize benefits while mitigating resistance development in target fungal populations.

Applications A labelled fatty acid ester component of volatile oil from Rhododendron anthopogonoides; shows antimicrobial activity.

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Piperacillin sodium, pharma grade is a pharmaceutical-grade beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.

Aldicarb d3 is an isotopically labeled compound, categorized as a carbamate pesticide, which is derived from chemical synthesis using deuterium labeling. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme essential for nerve function, leading to the disruption of neurological processes in pest organisms. The primary application of Aldicarb d3 lies in its role as a standard for mass spectrometry and other analytical techniques, facilitating the study of the pharmacokinetics and environmental fate of aldicarb. It is utilized extensively in research focused on tracing, detecting, and quantifying the presence of the non-labeled analog in various matrices. This compound aids in understanding the movement, persistence, and transformation products of pesticides in different environmental settings, enhancing the precision of analytical assessments. Its use is crucial for scientists conducting residue analysis, environmental monitoring, and related research endeavors.

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4-(4,5-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy-2,5,7-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydrotetracene-1,6,11-trione is an anthraquinone derivative, which is a specialized organic compound. This compound is typically derived from complex synthetic processes involving multi-step organic reactions starting from anthraquinone precursors. Its mode of action primarily involves the disruption of microbial cell walls and the inhibition of essential enzymatic pathways that are critical for microbial replication and survival. This compound has shown potential uses in antimicrobial and antifungal applications. It may serve as a lead compound for developing new therapeutics targeting resistant microbial strains. Additionally, owing to its chemical structure, it has applications in organic electronics and dye synthesis, where electron transfer properties are of interest. Its role in these applications is still under extensive research, focusing on its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, as well as its interaction with various biomolecular pathways.

Beta-lactam antibiotic; used in CIN agar

BRL 42715 is an antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic compound with a unique mechanism of action. This compound is derived from rational drug design aimed at targeting specific bacterial enzymes critical for cell wall synthesis. By irreversibly inhibiting these enzymes, BRL 42715 disrupts the bacterial cell wall formation, leading to cell lysis and death. This potent antibacterial is particularly effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. BRL 42715 is primarily utilized in research settings to explore novel antibacterial pathways and to investigate resistance mechanisms. Its selective action offers a valuable tool for studying the microbiome and the impact of antimicrobial agents on microbial communities in various environments. Researchers leverage BRL 42715 to understand the dynamics of bacterial populations and to develop new therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections, especially in the context of rising antibiotic resistance.

Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic that binds to the bacterial ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis. It is used to treat a wide range of infections, including urinary tract infections and its common causes such as E. coli, Citrobacter and Enterococcus. Nitrofurantoin is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Nybomycin is a quinolone-based antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative originally derived from actinomycetes, a type of filamentous bacteria known for producing numerous bioactive compounds. Its mode of action involves targeting and inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, enzymes critical for DNA replication and transcription. This mechanism disrupts DNA synthesis, thereby exerting bactericidal effects on susceptible bacterial populations. The unique aspect of Nybomycin is its ability to act on quinolone-resistant bacterial strains, providing an alternative treatment avenue against multi-drug resistant infections. This characteristic makes it particularly valuable in clinical settings where resistance to conventional antibiotics presents significant therapeutic challenges. Although its application is predominantly focused on treating bacterial infections, further research is being conducted to explore its potential efficacy across a broader spectrum of pathogens.

Riamilovir is an antiviral agent, which is synthesized chemically, designed to combat the replication of specific viruses. It acts as a nucleoside analogue, interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis. By incorporating itself into the viral RNA, it effectively hampers the ability of the virus to replicate its genetic material, thereby inhibiting its proliferation within the host. Riamilovir is predominantly used in the treatment of infections caused by the influenza virus. Its application extends to clinical settings where rapid virus replication poses a significant threat to patient health. Researchers are also exploring its potential usefulness against other RNA viruses due to its mechanism targeting viral replication. The mode of action provides a critical tool in virology, offering insights into virus dynamics and assisting in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. This compound is pivotal in informing strategies for controlling outbreaks and managing antiviral resistance.

Satranidazole is an antimicrobial agent that falls under the category of synthetic nitroimidazoles. It is derived from chemical synthesis and is designed to combat infections caused by specific organisms. The mode of action involves the reduction of the nitro group within the organism, creating reactive intermediates that disrupt DNA synthesis and lead to cell death. This mode of action is notably effective against protozoal infections and anaerobic bacterial infections. Satranidazole's applications primarily include the treatment of parasitic diseases such as amebiasis and giardiasis, and it is particularly effective in addressing anaerobic bacterial infections often encountered in clinical settings. Due to its targeted mechanism, Satranidazole is valuable in treating conditions where conventional antibiotics might be less effective. Its use in therapeutics highlights the importance of precise molecular intervention in the realm of infectious diseases. Researchers and practitioners utilize Satranidazole for its specific activity and efficacy in treating difficult-to-manage infections.

Applications Ozenoxacin is a non-fluorinated topical quinolone. It exhibits antimicrobial activity against propionibacteria and staphylococci. Ozenoxacin can be used to treat acne and superficial skin infections. References Nakajima, A., et al.: J Med Microbiol. 65, 745 (2016); Kanayama, S., et al.: J Infect Chemother. 10, 720 (2016); Morimoto, H., et al.: Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 148, 39 (2016)

Applications Ethyl 3-methyl-2-quinoxalinecarboxylate is an protected metabolite of Carbadox (C175825) an antimicrobial agents. References Li, J.Y., et al.: Heterocyclic. Commun., 13, 49 (2007);

Thiosildenafil-despiperazine is a derivative of sildenafil, which is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor. This compound is synthesized through structural modifications of sildenafil, leading to alterations in its pharmacological profile and potential applications. The source of this derivative involves chemical synthesis techniques to modify the core structure of sildenafil, specifically targeting modifications in the piperazine ring and replacing it with a thioside group to enhance or alter desired effects. The mode of action of Thiosildenafil-despiperazine primarily revolves around its ability to inhibit PDE5. This inhibition results in the increased availability of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which promotes vasodilation and relaxation of smooth muscle tissues. These mechanisms are crucial in the regulation of vascular tone and influence the therapeutic efficacy of the compound. Thiosildenafil-despiperazine is explored primarily for its potential in treating conditions related to erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Its unique structural modifications may afford it distinct pharmacokinetic properties, offering potential advantages like altered absorption or distribution profiles. Ongoing research investigates its efficacy and safety, examining how these modifications impact the compound's potential therapeutic benefits over traditional PDE5 inhibitors.

Lumefantrine is an antimalarial compound with a mode of action that inhibits heme detoxification in Plasmodium parasites. It is used in combination with artemether for treating malaria.

Thiabendazole is a benzimidazole anthelmintic with action on parasitic worms by inhibiting energy metabolism and is used for treating infections like threadworm and roundworm.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class

Fluhexafon is an innovative acaricide, which is derived from advanced chemical synthesis. Its mode of action involves disrupting critical biological processes in mites, specifically targeting nerve receptor pathways to inhibit their survival and reproduction. By interfering with the neurotransmission, it effectively reduces mite populations, ensuring healthier crops. Fluhexafon is mainly utilized in the agricultural sector, providing effective control against diverse mite species that afflict various crops. Its unique chemical properties allow for extended periods of activity, offering long-lasting protection for plants. Typically applied as a foliar spray, it ensures precise delivery to target areas. Its usage is particularly valuable in integrated pest management strategies, serving as a fundamental tool for scientists and agronomists aiming to sustain agricultural productivity while minimizing ecological impacts.

Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic that is used for the treatment of bacterial infections in different locations such as the skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract. This drug works by inhibiting mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. As a result, bacteria will produce defective cell walls leading to cell death. Ceftriaxone disodium salt hemiheptahydrate is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Antibiotic; RNA and DNA synthesis inhibitor; adenosine analogue

Ornidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on DNA synthesis disruption in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa and is used for treating infections like amoebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis.

Acetophos is an organophosphate insecticide, which is a synthetic chemical compound derived from phosphoric acid. It functions by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an essential enzyme in the nervous systems of insects. This inhibition leads to the accumulation of acetylcholine, causing continuous nerve impulses that result in the paralysis and eventual death of the pest. The primary use of Acetophos is in agricultural applications where it acts as an effective control measure against a variety of insect pests that threaten crops. It is employed to manage populations of aphids, caterpillars, and other common agricultural pests that can significantly impact yield. The application of Acetophos is common in a range of crop settings, from fruits and vegetables to cereal grains. Due to the mode of action, precise application is crucial to minimize non-target effects and resistance development. Researchers focus on optimizing usage parameters to ensure effective pest control while mitigating environmental and ecological risks. Overall, Acetophos serves as a potent tool in integrated pest management strategies, complementing other control measures.

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Rifamycin PR-3 is an antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial fermentation, specifically from the bacterium Amycolatopsis rifamycinica. It acts by inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, thereby blocking RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This inhibition disrupts protein synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. Rifamycin PR-3 is primarily used for the treatment of various bacterial infections, particularly those caused by gram-positive bacteria and certain mycobacteria. Its application is crucial in managing diseases such as tuberculosis, where it targets the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a member of the rifamycin class of antibiotics, it is also explored for use in treating refractory cases and in combinations to prevent the development of resistance. This compound’s efficacy in penetrating phagocytic cells makes it an important player in addressing intracellular infections. Scientists continue to study its pharmacokinetics and potential for synergistic combinations, which may expand its utility in infectious disease therapy.

Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class

Applications Fungisterol is used in the improvement of the measuring methods of composition and total contents of sterols in vegetable oils, study on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of supercritical fluid extract of Agaricus brasiliensis. References Zhu, L., et al.: Zhongguo Liangyou Xuebao, 27, 109 (2012); Mazzutti, S., et al.: J. Supercrit. Fluids, 70, 48 (2012)

Applications Labelled Isohexanol (I819615). Isohexanol is used as a cosmetic compound with an antimicrobial effect especially deodorants. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package

Gramicidin is an antibiotic, which is derived from soil bacteria of the genus Bacillus, specifically Bacillus brevis. This polypeptide antibiotic exerts its antibacterial effects by disrupting the cell membranes of susceptible bacteria. Gramicidin forms channels in the phospholipid bilayers of bacterial cell membranes, leading to uncontrolled cation fluxes, which ultimately results in cell death. This mechanism is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria due to their specific cell wall structure. Gramicidin is frequently utilized in topical applications, such as ointments and eye drops, due to its efficacy against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Its use is generally limited to topical formulations because systemic application can be toxic to human cells, given its non-selective mode of action on cell membranes. The compound’s unique mechanism and source make it a significant tool in combating bacterial infections, particularly in situations where topical treatment is appropriate.

Gramicidin S hydrochloride is a cyclic peptide antibiotic, which is a derivative of the naturally occurring antibiotic gramicidin S. It is sourced from Bacillus brevis, a type of soil bacterium. This peptide operates through a unique mode of action, whereby it disrupts bacterial cell membranes. By integrating into the lipid bilayer, it increases membrane permeability, leading to leakage of essential ions and molecules, and ultimately causing cell death. Gramicidin S hydrochloride is primarily used in scientific research to study antibiotic mechanisms and membrane biology, given its potent ability to affect membrane integrity. Additionally, it holds potential for applications in developing novel antimicrobial agents, particularly in exploring resistance mechanisms and testing efficacy of new compounds. Its role in research is essential for advancing our understanding of peptide-based antimicrobial strategies, making it an invaluable tool in the fields of microbiology and pharmacology.