Antimicrobiens

Amoscanate is an antiparasitic compound derived from synthetic chemical processes, which acts by disrupting the mitochondrial function of parasitic organisms. This compound intervenes in the energy metabolism of endoparasites, leading to their incapacitation and eventual death. Its action is selective for parasitic species, minimizing effects on the host organism. Amoscanate is primarily employed in veterinary medicine for the control and elimination of parasitic infections in animals. It is effective against a wide range of internal parasites, including nematodes and cestodes, making it a valuable tool in both agricultural and companion animal health management. Its usage is crucial for preventing economic losses in livestock and ensuring animal welfare. Continued research is directed toward understanding the detailed mechanisms of amoscanate’s selectivity and resistance dynamics, as well as potential applications in human parasitology.

Applications N-(2-Phenylethyl)acetamide can be used as an antimicrobial agent for aquaculture. References Lee, S.W., et.al.: Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm, 8, 88-91, (2017);

Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division. Ampicillin sodium salt is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Pefloxacin mesylate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections, including urinary and respiratory tract infections.

Indaziflam-desindenyl is an advanced herbicide, which is a product of synthetic chemistry, specifically designed for controlling the germination and growth of a broad spectrum of weed species. It operates through cellulose biosynthesis inhibition, targeting the cellulose production in plant cell walls, thus preventing proper cell division and development. This mode of action disrupts essential mechanisms in the plant's early growth stages, making it particularly effective as a pre-emergent herbicide. Indaziflam-desindenyl's primary applications are in agriculture and turf management, where controlling weed competition is critical for optimizing crop yield and maintaining pristine turf conditions. It is particularly valued for its long residual soil activity, which provides extended control over invasive species without negatively impacting the desired plant communities. Additionally, it offers a unique solution for integrated weed management strategies, reducing reliance on traditional herbicides and minimizing the risk of resistant weed populations. Its introduction into plant protection protocols reflects an advancement in sustainable agricultural practices, aligning with modern environmental and regulatory standards.

Netilmicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.

Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is a veterinary cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, particularly effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is primarily used in the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock such as cattle, swine, and poultry. It is effective against respiratory diseases, pododermatitis, and infections caused by susceptible bacterial pathogens. This product plays a crucial role in veterinary medicine by improving animal health and, consequently, productivity, while also adhering to withdrawal time regulations to ensure food safety.

Stavudine is an antiviral, reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It belongs to the group of nucleoside analogues of thymidine that is converted into stavudine monophosphate. Stavudine works by inhibiting viral replication by preventing the incorporation of viral dNTPs into the growing DNA chain, thus blocking DNA synthesis. Stavudine is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Cefsulodin Sodium Salt Hydrate is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from synthetic chemical processes, specifically designed as a third-generation cephalosporin. It exhibits a mode of action by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, effectively targeting certain Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, through the binding of penicillin-binding proteins. This binding disrupts the transpeptidation process essential for peptidoglycan cross-linking, compromising bacterial cell wall integrity and leading to cell lysis. The uses and applications of Cefsulodin Sodium Salt Hydrate are primarily in microbiological research and diagnostic media formulations where selective suppression of bacteria is required. It is particularly effective in differentiating Pseudomonas species within mixed bacterial populations found in clinical and environmental samples. In laboratory settings, this compound facilitates the isolation and identification of target microorganisms by ensuring the inhibition of competing flora. Its specificity and efficacy make it an invaluable tool in the study of bacterial growth dynamics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms.

Levofloxacin Hemihydrate is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections, similar to its anhydrous form.

STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Ala is a targeted inhibitor for L-alanine aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUMTM PeptiZide L-Ala is triggered by the enzyme L-alanine aminopeptidase, an enzyme located in the bacterial cell wall and is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. L-alanine aminopeptidase has not been experimentally detected in Campylobacter species, anaerobic bacilli, Gram-positive and Gram-variable bacteria. More details in the application notes document.

**Sulbactam pivoxyl** is a prodrug, which is a chemically modified form of sulbactam intended to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Sulbactam itself is a beta-lactamase inhibitor of synthetic origin, specifically designed to combat antibiotic resistance by inhibiting the beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria. These enzymes typically break down beta-lactam antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. By converting sulbactam into its pivoxyl form, the molecule is rendered more lipophilic, which enhances its absorption when administered orally. Once in the body, the prodrug is hydrolyzed to release active sulbactam, which then exerts its effect by binding irreversibly to the beta-lactamase enzyme. This inhibition protects co-administered beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, allowing them to exert their bactericidal activity against susceptible strains. Sulbactam pivoxyl is primarily used in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics to treat infections caused by beta-lactamase-producing bacteria. This strategic use is critical in addressing the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance, enhancing the clinical efficacy of combined antimicrobial therapies in treating resistant bacterial infections.

Anthracycline antibiotic with potent anti-tumoral activity. The compound interferes with DNA replication and RNA transcription since it intercalates between the base pairs of nucleic acids. It also inhibits the topoisomerase II, proteasome and generates free radicals, which leads to cell death of treated cells. Moreover, daunorubicin triggers apoptosis trough the stimulation of ceramide synthesis. It has been used as chemotherapy agent for the treatment of myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL).

Desethyl chloroquine (diphosphate) is a pharmacological compound, which is a derivative and metabolite of chloroquine. Chloroquine itself is a synthetic drug originally derived from quinoline. The mode of action of Desethyl chloroquine involves the interference with heme polymerization in malaria parasites. This process disrupts the detoxification of heme, a byproduct of hemoglobin digestion, thereby exhibiting antimalarial effects. Desethyl chloroquine is primarily used in research settings to study the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of antimalarial agents, as well as their resistance patterns in Plasmodium species. Its application extends to understanding drug metabolism and potential interactions with other therapeutic agents. By examining the properties and actions of Desethyl chloroquine, researchers can contribute to the development of more effective antimalarial therapies and explore broader applications in antiparasitic treatments.

Avermectin A1b is an antiparasitic compound, which is a macrocyclic lactone isolated from the soil bacterium *Streptomyces avermitilis*. This compound functions primarily by enhancing the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and binding to glutamate-gated chloride channels in nerve and muscle cells of parasites. This interaction leads to an increase in the permeability of cell membranes to chloride ions, resulting in paralysis and death of the parasite. Avermectin A1b is extensively used in veterinary and agricultural applications to control a variety of parasites, including nematodes and arthropods. The product has proven efficacy in managing helminth infections in livestock and protecting crops from pest infestations. Its selective toxicity towards invertebrates, alongside a relatively high safety margin in mammals, has made it a valuable tool in integrated pest management strategies. Research continues to optimize its use and address resistance issues, ensuring its sustained effectiveness in the field.

Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor

Ribocil-C (R enantiomer) is a synthetic small molecule, which is designed as an antibacterial agent specifically targeting the bacterial riboflavin synthesis pathway. This compound is derived from chemical synthesis methodologies, tailored to exploit the protonation state and steric configuration unique to the R enantiomer. Ribocil-C functions by selectively inhibiting riboswitch-mediated regulation in the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) riboswitch, disrupting the synthesis of riboflavin in bacteria. This targeted inhibition disrupts essential metabolic processes, critically hampering bacterial growth and viability. The R enantiomer form of Ribocil-C distinguishes itself from other antibacterial agents by its specificity and reduced likelihood of eliciting broad-spectrum resistance. Its applications are primarily in the field of microbiological research, potentially serving as a lead compound for the development of novel antibiotics. Research continues to explore its efficacy across various bacterial strains, with a focus on antibiotic-resistant species. However, its application in clinical settings is still under investigation, with ongoing studies examining its pharmacokinetics, safety, and potential for therapeutic use.

Meldonium is a cardiovascular drug, which is a synthetic compound originating from Latvia. It functions by modulating carnitine metabolism, leading to decreased fatty acid oxidation and augmented glucose oxidation. This shift in energy substrate helps to improve energy efficiency, particularly under conditions of ischemia, which can prevent ischemic damage by balancing oxygen supply and demand. Meldonium is primarily used in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases, such as angina and myocardial infarction, by improving cardiac function and endurance. It has also shown potential in enhancing exercise performance and recovery, which has led to its controversial use in sports. The compound facilitates increased tolerance to physical exertion, indirectly aiding in conditions characterized by decreased cellular energy. Due to its actions on metabolic pathways, ongoing research continues to explore additional therapeutic applications.

Sebuthylazine-2-hydroxy is a selective pre-emergent herbicide, which is a derivative of the sym-triazine compound family synthesized through chemical processes. It functions primarily as a soil-acting agent that inhibits photosynthesis by binding to the D1 protein in the photosystem II complex, thereby disrupting the electron transport chain. This biochemical action effectively curtails the growth of susceptible weed species by preventing their development, particularly annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. This compound is predominantly used in agricultural settings, especially in crops like corn and sorghum, where it plays a critical role in integrated weed management practices. Its efficacy and persistence in soil contribute to long-lasting control, reducing the frequency of applications required in comparison to other herbicides. Due to its specific mode of action, it is often integrated into crop management programs that involve rotation with other herbicidal agents to minimize the risk of resistance development. The application of Sebuthylazine-2-hydroxy must be conducted with a thorough understanding of soil types and environmental conditions to maximize its weed-controlling benefits while minimizing any potential non-target effects.

Dihydropenicillin F potassium is a novel antibiotic compound, which is semisynthetic in nature, derived from the penicillin family. It is sourced through the modification of natural penicillins, bringing about enhanced stability and efficacy against certain resistant bacterial strains. The mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, primarily targeting the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This disruption consequently leads to cell lysis and the eventual bacterial death. The applications of Dihydropenicillin F potassium are primarily in the clinical management of bacterial infections that have developed resistance to earlier forms of penicillin. Its enhanced efficacy makes it particularly valuable in treating infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The incorporation of potassium aids in the solubility and bioavailability of the compound, facilitating its use in intravenous preparations. Ongoing research is exploring its potential synergy with other antimicrobial agents to broaden its effectiveness and counteract multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Fenamiphos-sulfoxide d3 (S-methyl d3) is a deuterated, labeled pesticide intermediate, which is often utilized in advanced laboratory settings for precise analytical studies. This compound is synthesized as a stable isotope-labeled analog, enabling researchers to conduct sophisticated mass spectrometric analyses. Its mode of action involves serving as a reference or tracer in studies concerning the metabolism and degradation of fenamiphos, a well-known organophosphate pesticide. Used in specialized applications, Fenamiphos-sulfoxide d3 (S-methyl d3) assists scientists in environmental chemistry, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics. It helps in elucidating metabolic pathways, offering insights into biodistribution, or facilitating residue analysis in complex matrices. The inclusion of deuterium renders it indispensable for distinguishing between native and labeled compounds during tandem mass spectrometry, ensuring accurate quantitative assessments in experimental settings.

3’(6’)-Dehydroclindamycin phosphate is a semi-synthetic compound and a impurity of clindamycin. This in turn is prepared from lincomycin. It has antibacterial and antiviral properties

A semi-synthetic beta-lactamase inhibitor

Please enquire for more information about (-)-Anthrabenzoxocinone including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page

Voriconazole is a synthetic, lipophilic molecule that is used in the treatment of fungal infections. Voriconazole binds to ergosterol which is the major sterol in the cell wall of fungi and inhibits its synthesis, leading to cell death. This drug binds to the enzyme 14α-demethylase allowing the conversion of lanosterol into ergosterol. As a result, this binding leads to the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, as well as other sterols that are necessary for fungal growth (e.g., squalene). Voriconazole is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Anti-fungal; lanosterol 14α-demethylase inhibitor

2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one or MIT is a powerful antimicrobial and antifungal agent which is widely used in personal care products. It is also used in industrial applications as a preservative and antifouling agent.

Fostriecin is a potent anticancer agent, which is a natural product isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It acts primarily as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, particularly protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), functioning by blocking their catalytic activity. This inhibition disrupts cell cycle regulation, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells. Fostriecin's mode of action makes it a promising candidate for anticancer therapy, given its capability to interfere with the proliferation of rapidly dividing cancer cells. Research has explored its application in various cancer types, including leukemia and solid tumors. Studies focus on its ability to sensitize tumors to chemotherapeutic agents and to induce cell cycle arrest. While its therapeutic potential is significant, further investigation is needed to fully understand its pharmacodynamics and to optimize its clinical efficacy. As a natural product with a unique mechanism, Fostriecin continues to be an area of interest for developing new cancer treatments.

Inhibitor of hepatitis C viral enzyme NS3-4A serine protease

Urdamycin B is an anthracycline antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces fradiae*. This compound acts by intercalating into DNA, disrupting the replication and transcription processes, leading to cell death. Its mode of action involves inhibiting topoisomerase II, an enzyme critical for DNA replication and cell cycle progression. This mechanism impairs cellular proliferation, making it effective against rapidly dividing cells. The primary application of Urdamycin B is in oncology research, where its unique ability to target and inhibit tumor cell growth is of particular significance. It is studied for its potential to contribute to novel cancer treatments, especially where resistance to other chemotherapeutic agents poses a considerable challenge. Additionally, its antibacterial properties render it a subject of interest in developing strategies against resistant bacterial strains. Researchers value Urdamycin B for its intricate biological activity and potential therapeutic applications, as well as its role in expanding the understanding of antibiotic biosynthesis and function.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

Antibiotic of penicillin class; inhibits bacterial cell wall biogenesis

Anti-viral; non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Applications 1,14-Tetradecanediol is a bioactive component of Hybanthus enneaspermus with anti-microbial activity against microbes. References Anand, T., et al.: Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4, 646 (2012)

Hygromycin B binds near the A site of 16S rRNA and induces errors in the code by inhibition of translocation of peptydil-tRNA, however to a lesser extent compared to other aminoglycosides. Hygromycin B is efficient against bacteria, fungi and other eukaryotic cells, but more often used for the selection of eukaryotic cells including yeasts, such as, P. pastoris and S. cerevisiae, and mammalian cell lines, such as, CHO.

Sulopenem is a thiopenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Applications Paraformaldehyde-13C,D2 is an isotope labelled compound of Paraformaldehyde (P193265). Paraformaldehyde is the polymerized form of formaldehyde used in root canal sealers that provide antimicrobial activity. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Gomes, B. et al.: Braz. Dent. J., 15, 30 (2004); Myers, G. et al.: Appl. Microbiol., 11, 357 (1963);

Manumycin B is a polyketide antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite isolated from certain Streptomyces species. This compound is known for its complex biosynthetic origin involving iterative cycles of polyketide synthesis, leading to its characteristic structure. The mode of action of Manumycin B primarily involves the inhibition of farnesyltransferase, an enzyme critical for the post-translational modification of various proteins, including the Ras family of GTPases. By hindering this enzyme, Manumycin B disrupts the signaling pathways that are essential for tumor cell growth and proliferation. In terms of applications, Manumycin B has been extensively studied for its antitumor properties. Its ability to interfere with Ras signaling pathways makes it an attractive candidate for cancer research, particularly in the context of Ras-driven malignancies. Additionally, this compound has shown potential in modulating other cellular processes, thus broadening its scope of investigation in cell biology and therapeutic studies. Despite its potential, ongoing research is required to fully understand its bioactivity and to develop it into a viable therapeutic agent.

Inhibitor of RNA synthesis

Leptomycin B is a bacterial secondary metabolite, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces sp. This compound is a potent nuclear export inhibitor with a mechanism of action that targets and inhibits the export receptor CRM1 (Chromosomal Maintenance 1), also known as Exportin 1. By binding irreversibly to CRM1, Leptomycin B prevents the nuclear export of proteins and RNA, disrupting the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport essential for cell function. As an inhibitor of nuclear export, Leptomycin B has crucial applications in research settings, particularly in the study of cellular processes and diseases involving nucleocytoplasmic transport. It is frequently used to explore cancer biology, cell cycle regulation, and viral infections, providing insights into the role of nuclear export in these contexts. Additionally, Leptomycin B’s ability to modulate nuclear transport pathways makes it a valuable tool for dissecting the molecular underpinnings of various cellular mechanisms, offering potential leads for therapeutic interventions.

Lincomycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic antibiotic, derived from the natural antibiotic lincomycin through chemical modification. It is sourced from fermentative processes involving the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The compound exerts its action by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. This occurs through its binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby hindering peptide chain elongation and ultimately arresting bacterial growth. The primary use of Lincomycin 2-palmitate hydrochloride is in the treatment of serious infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain Gram-positive organisms, particularly those resistant to penicillin. Its hydrophobic palmitate ester modification enhances lipid solubility, improving oral absorption compared to lincomycin hydrochloride. Researchers and clinicians utilize this agent in settings where its unique pharmacokinetic properties offer therapeutic advantages, especially in patients allergic to penicillin or those who require an antibiotic with specific anaerobic coverage. The tailored adaptation of this compound serves as a vital tool in the ongoing effort to address challenging bacterial infections.

N-(4-(4-Methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(morpholinomethyl)benzamide is a sophisticated chemical compound, classified as a synthetic small molecule. It is synthesized through a series of organic reactions, showcasing the intricate art of modern chemical synthesis and design. The compound functions at a molecular level by interacting with specific receptors or enzymes, potentially modulating their activity. This mode of action allows it to influence biochemical pathways, proposing its utility in research focused on receptor signaling and intracellular mechanisms. Due to its structural uniqueness, N-(4-(4-Methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-(morpholinomethyl)benzamide finds applications primarily in pharmacological studies. It serves as a valuable tool in elucidating receptor interactions, offering insights into the development of new therapies. Research into its binding affinity and specificity is crucial for understanding its potential therapeutic benefits and side effects. This compound is a testament to the continuous advancement in drug discovery and rational design, underscoring the importance of chemical innovation in biomedical research.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic of tetracycline class which inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 30S ribosome subunit. It has been used in human medicine as well as in veterinary medicine and agriculture.

Antibiotic; binds bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis

Please enquire for more information about Bensulide-oxon including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page

SARS-CoV-IN-3 is a small-molecule inhibitor, which is derived through synthetic organic chemistry targeting SARS-CoV-2. It exhibits its mode of action by specifically inhibiting the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme. This enzyme is crucial for viral RNA synthesis, and by inhibiting its activity, SARS-CoV-IN-3 effectively suppresses viral replication within host cells. The applications of SARS-CoV-IN-3 are primarily in the context of antiviral research, particularly focusing on mechanistic studies of coronavirus replication and potential therapeutic interventions. Its ability to target and inhibit a key viral enzyme makes it a valuable tool for understanding the lifecycle of the virus and for exploring new avenues in antiviral drug development. Scientists utilize SARS-CoV-IN-3 to dissect the pathways involved in viral transcription and replication, contributing to the broader field of infectious disease research and the potential development of therapeutic agents aimed at treating SARS-CoV-2 infections.

Applications Cetylpyridinium Chloride, is an antiseptic that kills bacteria and other microorganisms. It is shown to be effective in the inhibition of dental plague formation. it is used in mouthwashes, toothpastes, lozenges, throat sprays, breath sprays, and nasal sprays. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Chen., W., et al.: Zhongguo Weishengtaixue Zazhi, 24, 896 (2012); Asadoorian. J., J. Dent. Hyg.(2008);

2',5-Difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine is a synthetic antibiotic that has been shown to be effective against a wide range of organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It is also used as an antiparasitic and antiviral agent. 2',5-Difluoro-2'-deoxycytidine inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting DNA synthesis, which prevents replication and transcription. This antibiotic binds to the enzyme RNA polymerase at the active site, preventing it from binding to DNA. The drug has been shown to have good antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Please enquire for more information about Monensin methyl ester including the price, delivery time and more detailed product information at the technical inquiry form on this page

Cefazolin is a semi-synthetic, non-beta lactam antibiotic used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections. It inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are bacterial transpeptidases that crosslink peptidoglycan strands. Cefazolin binds to PBPs present on the surface of all Gram-negative bacteria as well as many Gram-positive bacteria. It is not effective against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus and MRSA unless combined with another antibiotic such as vancomycin or flucloxacillin. A study showed that cefazolin can decrease inflammation and tumor necrosis factor-beta levels in pregnant women with systemic inflammatory disease. It has been tested in the development of an anti-inflammatory agent for use in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythe.

Emodepside is a cyclooctadepsipeptide anthelmintic with action on latrophilin receptors in nematodes and is used for treating parasitic infections in animals.

Baumycin C1 is an anthracycline-type antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces coeruleorubidus*. The mode of action of Baumycin C1 involves intercalating into DNA strands, thereby disrupting the process of DNA synthesis and replication. This intercalation results in the inhibition of topoisomerase II, an enzyme crucial for DNA unwinding, leading to the generation of double-strand breaks and subsequent interruption of cellular proliferation. Baumycin C1 is primarily utilized in the field of oncology as a chemotherapeutic agent. Its efficacy is notable in the treatment of various malignancies, including certain leukemias and solid tumors. By targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells, Baumycin C1 helps to halt tumor growth and progression. Ongoing research is exploring its potential use in combination therapies to enhance anticancer efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Despite its potency, careful dosage regulation is imperative due to potential cardiotoxicity and other side effects associated with anthracycline class drugs.

Applications Used in the synthesis of some new pyridine-2,6-carboxamide-derived Schiff bases as potential antimicrobial agents. References Karthikeyan, M., et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem., 14, 7482 (2006) , Fakhr, I., et al.: Arch. Pharm. Chem. Life Sci., 341, 174 (2008), Bayrak, H., et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 1057 (2009),

Amphotericin A is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, which is derived primarily from the soil bacterium *Streptomyces nodosus*. This compound functions by binding to ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This binding creates pores in the membrane, increasing its permeability and ultimately leading to cell death. Unlike its more widely used counterpart Amphotericin B, Amphotericin A is less frequently utilized but is critical in the study and understanding of antifungal activity. While Amphotericin A itself is not commonly used for clinical applications due to its lower efficacy compared to Amphotericin B, it plays a significant role in research settings. Its primary utility is in the investigation of the structure-activity relationship of polyene antibiotics, contributing to the development and enhancement of antifungal therapies. Scientists utilize Amphotericin A to understand the mechanisms behind antifungal drug resistance and to design synthetic derivatives with improved therapeutic profiles and reduced toxicity.

Cephradine is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections.

Benastatin A is an antifungal compound, which is derived from marine-derived Streptomyces species. This bacterial genus, known for its prolific production of bioactive secondary metabolites, serves as a rich source for drug discovery and biosynthesis of unique compounds like Benastatin A. The mode of action of Benastatin A involves the disruption of fungal cell membranes, leading to leakage of vital cellular components and subsequent cell death. This interaction is crucial for understanding its efficacy and specificity against fungal pathogens. The primary uses and applications of Benastatin A are in combating fungal infections that are resistant to conventional antifungal agents. Its ability to target and compromise the integrity of fungal cell structures positions it as a promising candidate in the realm of antifungal therapies. Additionally, research into Benastatin A is ongoing, focusing on its potential synergistic effects with other antifungal compounds, aiming to enhance its efficacy and broaden its application in clinical settings. Its unique origin and mechanism continue to draw interest for further exploration and development.

Bleomycin A5 is an antitumor antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces verticillus*. Its mode of action involves the induction of DNA strand breaks, primarily by forming complexes with metal ions such as iron, which can generate reactive oxygen species. These species cause oxidative damage to the DNA, leading to single- and double-strand breaks. This DNA cleavage is crucial for its efficacy in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells. The primary uses and applications of Bleomycin A5 are in the field of oncology, where it is employed in chemotherapy regimens for various malignancies including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, and certain squamous cell carcinomas. Its specificity and mechanism enable it to preferentially target rapidly dividing cancer cells, though care is necessary to mitigate potential toxicities, such as pulmonary fibrosis.

Applications 3,5-Dicarboethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine is a dihydropyridine derivative that have been tested for antimicrobial activities. References Murthy, Y.L.. et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 22, 6016 (2012); Vaitkuviene, A., et al.: Pharmacol. Rep., 58, 551 (2006);

Cefoxitin EP impurity B is a chemical reference standard, which is derived from the synthesis and purification processes involved in producing Cefoxitin. As an impurity standard, its primary role is to serve as a benchmark for quality control in pharmaceutical formulations. The mode of action of Cefoxitin EP impurity B involves the structural analysis and quantification of impurity levels, ensuring that the primary pharmaceutical products meet necessary safety and efficacy criteria. Cefoxitin EP impurity B is utilized extensively in research and development settings, particularly within analytical chemistry and pharmacology. It aids in the stability testing of Cefoxitin formulations by providing a quantitative measure of potential degradation products. This impurity standard is crucial in method development and validation, helping to ensure that Cefoxitin medications are consistent and reliable for clinical use. By allowing for the accurate identification and quantification of impurities, it upholds the standards necessary for regulatory compliance and quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry.