Antimicrobiens

Antiviral; Hepatitis C virus NS5A antagonist

Applications CSA (cationic steroid antibiotics) is a class of facial amphiphiles with same mechanism of antimicrobial action as that of CPAs (cationic peptide antibiotics). References Sundriyal, S., et al.: J. Mol. Model, 14, 265 (2008).

4-Epitetracycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline antibiotic derivative, which is a secondary metabolite derived from bacterial sources, particularly Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the RNA-ribosome complex. This action hinders bacterial growth by interfering with vital processes necessary for bacterial survival and replication. The uses and applications of 4-Epitetracycline hydrochloride are predominantly within research settings to study its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and potential therapeutic effects compared to other tetracyclines. It is of particular interest for understanding antibiotic resistance mechanisms and assessing effectiveness against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Researchers may also explore the conditions that alter its activity, stability, and bioavailability. Despite its structural similarity to tetracycline, its altered chemical structure can contribute to differing biological activity, offering insight into the development of new antibiotic compounds with improved efficacy and reduced side effects. The derivative form allows scientists to investigate alternative pathways and effects that are unique from its parent compound.

Abacavir sulfate is a pharmaceutical compound classified as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), which is derived from synthetic sources. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme, essential for the replication of HIV. By incorporating itself into the viral DNA chain during replication, Abacavir effectively halts the process, preventing further multiplication of the virus within the host cells. This antiretroviral medication is primarily used in the management and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infections. Abacavir sulfate is a critical component in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), contributing to the reduction of viral load, enhancing immune function, and improving the long-term clinical outcomes in patients living with HIV. Its application in combination therapies has been instrumental in transforming HIV from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition.

Flufenoxystrobin is a synthetic fungicide, which is derived from the strobilurin class of compounds known for their antifungal properties. It operates by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration in fungal cells, specifically blocking the electron transport chain at the Qo site of cytochrome b. This disruption in energy production is lethal to the targeted fungi. As a broad-spectrum fungicide, Flufenoxystrobin is utilized extensively in agriculture to combat a wide range of fungal pathogens across various crops. Its applications include use on cereals, fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. The effective control of diseases such as powdery mildew, rusts, and leaf spots enhances crop yield and quality. Its mode of action not only reduces fungal infestations but also supports Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies by minimizing resistance issues when rotated with fungicides of different action modes. Due to its role in safeguarding plant health, Flufenoxystrobin remains a crucial component in modern agricultural practices.

Antibiotic peptide; inhibitor of aminopeptidase M and leucine aminopeptidase

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Amikacin hydrate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from kanamycin through a semi-synthetic process. It functions by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to errors in the translation process. This disruption is bactericidal, effectively eliminating bacterial pathogens. In the context of its application, Amikacin hydrate is primarily used within culture media to selectively inhibit bacterial growth while allowing for the development of desired cell lines or microorganisms. This is crucial in laboratory settings where the suppression of bacterial contaminants is necessary to maintain the integrity and accuracy of experimental outcomes. Amikacin hydrate is favored for its broad-spectrum efficacy and stability, making it a reliable choice for maintaining sterile conditions in both research and industrial microbiology labs. Scientists utilize this agent to support the growth of specific cell types or to isolate and maintain pure cultures in investigative studies.

Amorolfine is an antifungal drug that inhibits fungal enzymes (D14 reductase and D7-D8 isomerase). Its inhibition has an affect on fungal sterol synthesis pathways, and it depletes ergosterol. This drug can be used as a treatment for inflammatory lesions such as Tinea corporis, Tinea pedis, and Tinea cruris due to its ability to penetrate the skin barrier with ease. Amorolfine HCl is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.

Ribocil B is an analog of riboflavin, functioning as a synthetic antibiotic. It is derived from chemical synthesis, designed to mimic the structure of natural riboflavin analogs which are crucial for bacterial growth. Ribocil B acts by specifically inhibiting riboswitches, a type of non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression in response to small molecules. This inhibition disrupts RNA synthesis in bacteria by targeting the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) riboswitch. The application of Ribocil B is primarily in the field of microbiology and antibiotic research. Its ability to selectively target riboswitches makes it a promising tool for studying bacterial gene regulation and offers a potential pathway for developing new antibacterial strategies. By understanding how Ribocil B interferes with bacterial RNA, scientists can explore novel approaches to combat antibiotic resistance, a growing concern in the treatment of bacterial infections. Its use is predominantly in research settings, where precision and specificity in targeting bacterial processes are crucial.

Cephalexin hydrate is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.

Anthelmintic; anti-parasitic

Kanamycin B is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, often used to treat eye infections. Compared to Kanamycin A, it exhibits stronger interaction with the acidic phospholipids.

Amidithion is an insecticidal and acaricidal compound, which is a derivative of organophosphorus chemistry. This compound is chiefly synthesized through the complex chemical manipulation of phosphoryl groups, rendering it a potent inhibitor of enzymatic activity in target organisms. As an organophosphate, Amidithion exerts its insecticidal effects primarily through the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme crucial for nerve function in insects and mites. This inhibition leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine at synaptic junctions, resulting in continuous nerve signal transmission, paralysis, and ultimately, the death of the pest. The primary applications of Amidithion are in the agricultural sector, where it is employed to control a variety of insect and mite species that pose threats to crops. The efficacy of Amidithion in disrupting pest populations makes it a valuable tool in integrated pest management strategies. However, due to its mode of action, the use of Amidithion necessitates careful consideration of non-target organism exposure and the potential development of resistance, ensuring that its application is both effective and sustainable in pest management practices.

Cefuroxime sodium is a sodium salt form of cefuroxime with similar action and applications as cefuroxime.

Ceftizoxime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and gonorrhea.

Artefenomel is an antimalarial agent, which is a synthetic derivative originally based on artemisinin, primarily sourced from the Artemisia annua plant. It exhibits its mode of action by targeting and disrupting the Plasmodium parasite's life cycle within the human host. Specifically, artefenomel interferes with the parasite's ability to degrade hemoglobin, leading to the accumulation of toxic levels of heme, ultimately causing the parasite's death. Artefenomel is utilized for the treatment and prevention of malaria, particularly in cases caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Its efficacy across multiple stages of the parasite's development makes it a valuable tool in combating malaria, especially in areas with resistant strains. Researchers are investigating its use in combination therapies to enhance effectiveness and reduce the potential for resistance development. Its unique mechanism and potential for rapid action make artefenomel a significant addition to the arsenal against this pervasive disease, offering new hope in regions heavily burdened by malaria.

Applications 6R,10R-Dimethyl-2-pentadecanone is a byproduct in the synthesis of (+)-Phytone (P398050), which is an constituent of leaf essential oil of Lawsonia Inermis growing in Nepal with potential anti-microbial activities. References Satyal, P., et al.: Pharmacol., 1, 31 (2012);

Desoxymycin is an antibiotic product that belongs to the class of aminoglycosides, which is derived from natural sources such as certain species of Streptomyces bacteria. This compound exhibits its mode of action by specifically binding to the bacterial ribosomal RNA, interfering with protein synthesis. As a result, it inhibits the replication and growth of susceptible bacterial strains. The primary use of Desoxymycin is in the targeted inhibition of bacterial infections, especially those resistant to other antibiotic classes. Its unique mechanism makes it a valuable tool within microbiological and molecular biology research, where it aids in the study of protein synthesis and genetic expression in prokaryotic organisms. Understanding and utilizing Desoxymycin's action can provide insights into antibiotic resistance mechanisms and pave the way for developing novel antibiotics. Its specificity and efficiency make it a critical component in advanced scientific investigations aimed at combating persistent and resistant bacterial infections.

Applications A quinoline derivative with antimicrobial activity. References McDonel, J., et al.: Pharmac. Ther., 10, 617 (1980), Black, F., et al.: Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 23, 247 (1991), Hwang, Y., et al.: J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 12, 610 (2002),

Ceratotoxin A is a peptide toxin, which is derived from the venom of the female fruit fly *Ceratitis capitata*. This toxin is part of a group of antimicrobial peptides that play a crucial role in the innate immune response of the fly. Ceratotoxin A functions by integrating into the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to membrane disruption and subsequent bacterial cell death. Researchers are particularly interested in Ceratotoxin A for its potential applications in the development of new antimicrobial agents, especially at a time when antibiotic resistance is a growing concern. The mode of action of Ceratotoxin A, involving direct physical interaction with microbial membranes rather than biochemical pathways, offers a novel mechanism that may circumvent traditional resistance strategies employed by bacteria. Applications extend to the exploration of Ceratotoxin A as a lead compound in the design of new therapeutic agents, as well as its potential use in biotechnological applications where antimicrobial properties are desired, such as in agriculture to protect crops from pathogenic bacteria or in material science to create antimicrobial surfaces.

Applications Octanoic Acid, is found naturally in the milk of various mammals. Its esters can be used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. It is also an antimicrobial pesticide used as a food contact surface sanitizer. Caprylic acid is also used in the treatment of some bacterial infections. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Lide, D. R., et al.: CRC Handbook chem. Phys., 70th Ed. (1990); Beare-Rogers, J., et al.: Pue Appl. Chem., 73 (4), 685 (2001);

Syncytial virus inhibitor-1 is a potent antiviral compound, which is a synthetic small molecule with a specific mode of action targeting respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This compound is engineered to inhibit the fusion process between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane, thereby preventing the virus from entering and infecting the cells. The mechanism of action of syncytial virus inhibitor-1 involves binding to the F protein on the surface of RSV. This binding prevents the conformational changes necessary for viral entry, effectively blocking the replication cycle at an early stage. By halting virus-host cell fusion, this compound reduces viral load and curtails the progression of infection. Syncytial virus inhibitor-1 is used primarily in research settings for the study of RSV infection mechanisms and therapeutic development. Researchers utilize this inhibitor to explore antiviral strategies, assess the effectiveness of combination treatments, and understand virus-host dynamics. It serves as a valuable tool in both in vitro and in vivo models to elucidate the complexities of RSV pathogenesis and evaluate potential therapeutic interventions for respiratory diseases.

Applications Protected amino acid with antimicrobial activity. References Oancea, S. et al.: J. Med. Biochem. 3, 239 (1999)

Triadimenol-tert-butylhydroxy is a systemic fungicide, originating from synthetic chemical processes, characterized by its ability to inhibit fungal sterol biosynthesis. This sterol biosynthesis disruption occurs through the demethylation of lanosterol or 24-methylene dihydrolanosterol, which impedes the production of ergosterol, a crucial component in fungal cell membranes. The inhibition results in disrupted cell membrane integrity and impaired fungal growth, leading to effective control over a range of plant-pathogenic fungi. This compound is primarily applied in agriculture to manage and prevent diseases caused by fungi, such as powdery mildew, rusts, and various leaf spots. Its systemic nature allows for it to be absorbed and translocated through plant tissues, offering protective and sometimes curative action. It is commonly used on cereals, fruits, vines, and ornamental plants, making it a vital tool in integrated pest management strategies. Its selection and use should be carefully managed to mitigate resistance development in target fungal populations.

Gentamicin C2 sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.

Applications 3,4-Di(methoxy-d3)-benzoic Acid Methyl Ester is an intermediate used in the synthesis of Veratric Acid-d6 (V127562), which is labelled Veratric Acid, a derivative of Protocatechuic Acid. Veratric Acid is a reagent used in the production of antimicrobial agents, antifeedants, and a variety of other biologically active compounds. References Alissandrakis, E. et al.: Eur. Food Res. Technol., 229, 365 (2009); Spaccini, R. et al.: Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1164 (2009); Narasimhan, B. et al.: Eur. J. Med. Chem., 44, 689 (2009); Pereira, L. et al.: J. Biotechnol., 139, 68 (2009);

Clindamycin sulfoxide is a potent metabolite of the lincosamide antibiotic clindamycin, which is derived from the fermentation product of *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby interfering with the translocation steps in protein elongation. The mechanism effectively suppresses the growth of a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria, including *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, and anaerobic microorganisms. Clindamycin sulfoxide is primarily studied for its relevance in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of clindamycin. It is often used in research to evaluate drug efficacy and resistance patterns. Understanding the action of clindamycin sulfoxide aids in the optimization of clindamycin dosing regimens and provides insights into the development of resistance by pathogenic bacteria. While the sulfoxide form itself is not used in clinical settings, its role as a metabolite enhances our comprehension of clindamycin’s therapeutic implications and contributes to microbiological and pharmacological studies.

Omadacycline hydrochloride is a modern tetracycline-class antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative sourced from tetracycline compounds. The mode of action involves binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis, which ultimately interferes with bacterial growth. Omadacycline exhibits a broad spectrum of activity, showing efficacy against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including those resistant to other tetracyclines and antibiotics. The applications of Omadacycline hydrochloride are primarily in treating community-acquired bacterial infections such as pneumonia and skin infections. Its utility extends to combating multidrug-resistant organisms, making it a valuable asset in the clinical field where antibiotic resistance is a significant concern. The pharmacokinetic properties allow for both oral and intravenous administration, providing flexibility in treatment protocols. The development and application of Omadacycline reflect the ongoing need for advanced therapeutic options in the face of evolving bacterial resistance.

Applications A labelled antipruritic. Antibacterial, antimicrobial agent. Not a dangerous good if item is equal to or less than 1g/ml and there is less than 100g/ml in the package References Robinson, et al.: J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 18, 19 (1966); Abdel-Moety, E., et al.: Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 5, 1 (1997); Basavaiah, K., et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull., 47, 1351 (1999);

Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; cephalosporin class

Milbemycin oxime is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with action on glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasites and is used for preventing heartworm and treating intestinal worms in animals.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin

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Thienamycin p-nitrobenzyl ester, N-methylpyrrolidinone hydrochloride is a synthetic compound commonly utilized in biochemical research, particularly in the study of beta-lactam antibiotics. It is derived through synthetic pathways involving the modification of thienamycin, a naturally occurring beta-lactam antibiotic, to enhance its stability and facilitate its study in various experimental settings. This modification allows for investigation into the structure-activity relationships and potential enhancements of antibiotic function. The mode of action is thought to involve the inhibition of specific bacterial enzymes, particularly those involved in cell wall synthesis, due to its beta-lactam structure. This makes it an important tool in understanding the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and the development of novel therapeutic agents. In scientific research, Thienamycin p-nitrobenzyl ester, N-methylpyrrolidinone hydrochloride is used to evaluate the potential efficacy of new antibiotic compounds and to explore the enzymatic pathways that contribute to bacterial survival and resistance. By studying its interactions, researchers aim to design more effective antibiotics that can overcome current resistance mechanisms, offering insights into future drug development strategies.

Polymyxin B nonapeptide hydrochloride is a potent antibiotic compound derived from the bacterium *Bacillus polymyxa*. As a cationic polypeptide, it exhibits its antibacterial activity by interacting with the lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the bacterial cell membrane, leading to increased permeability and ultimately causing cell lysis. The compound is specifically effective against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria, making it crucial in studying antibiotic resistance mechanisms. In scientific research, Polymyxin B nonapeptide hydrochloride is utilized primarily to investigate membrane dynamics and bacterial physiology. Its mode of action allows researchers to explore the intricate interactions between bacterial outer membranes and host defense systems. Moreover, its structural properties provide a model for developing new antibiotics. Due to its potent membrane-disrupting activity, this compound is also employed in studies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of other antimicrobial agents. By understanding its mode of action, researchers can gain valuable insights into overcoming the challenges posed by antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.

Destomycin A is an antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a broad-spectrum mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, thus impeding their growth and proliferation. Destomycin A targets the ribosomal subunits within bacterial cells, leading to disruption in their ability to synthesize essential proteins, ultimately contributing to its bacteriostatic effects. Due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, Destomycin A is particularly useful in scientific studies evaluating bacterial resistance mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic applications against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is also employed in microbiological research as a tool for understanding protein synthesis and gene expression regulation in prokaryotic organisms. While not as widely used as some other antibiotics clinically, its inclusion in academic and experimental frameworks provides valuable insights into antibiotic function and the development of novel antibacterial therapies.

Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.

Tetracycline hydrochloride - USP is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of chlortetracycline produced from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria, specifically binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This action prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby halting bacterial growth and replication. Tetracycline hydrochloride is primarily used in the treatment of various infections caused by susceptible strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. Its broad-spectrum efficacy makes it a versatile agent for managing bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine. Additionally, it is utilized in research settings for studying bacterial protein synthesis and antibiotic resistance patterns.

Applications 4-​Methyl-​benzenesulfonic Acid (2E)​-​[(5R)​-​2-​Methyl-​5-​(1-​methylethenyl)​-​2-​cyclohexen-​1-​ylidene]​hydrazide-d4 is an intermediate in synthesizing (+)-Limonene-d5 (L461742). It is present in blood oranges which show inhibition of angiogenesis in human colon cancer cells. Extracted from the oils of Mentha spicata it shows antimicrobial activity. References Chidambara Murthy, K. et al.: Life Sci.,91, 429 (2012); Aggarwal, K. et al.: Flav. Frag. J., 17, 59 (2002)

Applications Labelled Butylparaben. An antimicrobial agent used in cosmetic products. References Gilliland, D. et al.: J. Appl. Bacteriol., 72, 258 (1992); Routledge, E. et al.: Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 153, 12 (1998); Miller, C. et al.: J. Biol. Chem., 272, 32824 (1997); Nakagawa, Y. et al.: Biochem. Pharmacol., 55, 1907 (1998);

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Mitomycin C is a cytotoxic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis. This product is tested according to USP specification. Mitomycin C has been shown to be effective against resistant mutants and carcinoma cell lines. It also has genotoxic activity and induces statistically significant chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. Mitomycin C is toxic to the mitochondria, which may be due to its ability to induce mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, leading to apoptosis. Mitomycin C binds to the response element in the genome, causing transcriptional repression of a number of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Mitomycin C inhibits squamous carcinoma cells by binding to their DNA and preventing RNA synthesis.

Cefmetazole lactone is an antibiotic, classified as a cephalosporin, which is a type of β-lactam antimicrobial compound. It is derived from the Cephalosporium fungus, known for its progenitor antimicrobial properties. As a second-generation cephalosporin, cefmetazole lactone operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, essentially interfering with the transpeptidation process of peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall. This disruption leads to cell lysis and eventual bacterial death, mainly affecting Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Cefmetazole lactone is predominantly utilized in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible bacterial strains, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and skin and soft tissue infections. Its efficacy in targeting specific pathogens makes it a valuable option in clinical settings where resistance to other antibiotics emerges. Researchers continue to evaluate its pharmacokinetics and spectrum of activity to better understand and optimize its clinical applications and potential combination therapies.

Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor. Dolutegravir is used in the treatment of HIV-1 infections as it hampers the integration of the viral genome into the host DNA (Katlama, 2012). Active on a wide number of HIV-1 phenotypes, dolutegravir is highly bioavailable with an IC90 of more than 30 hours (Cottrell, 2013).

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Porfiromycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic with action on DNA alkylation and cross-linking and is used for research on cancer treatment, particularly for hypoxic tumors.

1,3-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a derivative of kanamycin A, an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections by blocking cell wall synthesis or by inhibiting protein synthesis.

Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and ear infections.

Bleomycin A5 inhibits DNA replication and repair. It also cleaves RNA in vitro and in vivo, and exhibits anticancer activity. It is used for various types of cancer such as squamous cell cancers, melanoma, sarcoma, testicular and ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

C-390 is an antibacterial agent. Selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species when added to an agar medium.

Hexazinone metabolite B is a chemical byproduct of the breakdown of Hexazinone, which is an herbicide. This metabolite emerges from an extensive metabolic pathway in plants, fungi, and soil microorganisms as they degrade the parent compound. Its mode of action involves interacting with plant processes, potentially affecting growth and development, as it may influence photosynthetic pathways or other vital physiological functions. In scientific research, the study of Hexazinone metabolite B and similar metabolites helps elucidate the environmental fate of herbicides and their potential impacts on non-target organisms. Understanding these metabolic pathways is crucial for assessing the ecological risks associated with Hexazinone use and developing sustainable agricultural practices. Furthermore, the analysis of such metabolites can aid in optimizing the efficacy of herbicides by minimizing undesired effects on ecosystems.

NSC-60339 is a synthetic antineoplastic agent derived from laboratory synthesis known for its targeted inhibition of specific cancer cell pathways. The compound operates by interfering with crucial cellular processes such as DNA replication or protein synthesis, depending on its exact mode of action. The main applications of NSC-60339 are in oncological research, particularly in preclinical studies aiming to elucidate the mechanisms of cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Scientists use this compound to investigate potential therapeutic windows and conduct pharmacodynamic assessments. By understanding the interactions of NSC-60339 with cellular targets, researchers can evaluate its efficacy and safety profile in various cancer models. Additionally, NSC-60339 can serve as a prototype molecule for developing more refined analogs within the same therapeutic class.

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Applications 10-Undecenoic Acid, is used for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and perfumery, including antidandruff shampoos, antimicrobial powders and as a musk in perfumes and aromas. References Lemuel, P., et al.: Can. Med. Assoc. J., 61 (4), 361 (1949);

Macrosphelide A is a bioactive macrocyclic lactone, which is a secondary metabolite derived from the culture of certain fungal species. It functions primarily through the disruption of cell adhesion processes, which is facilitated by its ability to interfere with the function of specific cell surface receptors. This mode of action underlies its potential as an immunosuppressive agent, where it can inhibit the activities of immune cells by altering cellular communication and adhesion. The uses and applications of Macrosphelide A are predominantly within biomedical research, particularly in the study of immunological responses and cell signaling pathways. Its unique mechanism allows for the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches in immune-related conditions and possibly in cancer research, where modulation of cellular adhesion is of interest. Researchers continue to investigate its full range of biological activities, expanding understanding of its potential implications in therapeutic development.

Capsimycin is an antibiotic product, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces. This compound is part of a class of natural products isolated from soil-dwelling actinomycetes, known for their ability to produce a wide array of bioactive molecules. The mode of action of Capsimycin involves the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis in susceptible bacterial strains. This specific mechanism disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cell wall, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death, making Capsimycin effective against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria. Capsimycin is primarily utilized in research settings to investigate its potential as a therapeutic agent against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Its application in microbiology research includes studying bacterial resistance mechanisms and evaluating combinatorial treatments. Scientists are particularly interested in Capsimycin for its potential to act as a lead compound in developing new antimicrobial agents, given the rising concern of antibiotic resistance. Further exploration into its pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and potential cytotoxicity is ongoing to fully understand its applicability in clinical settings.

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Telavancin HCl is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and membrane integrity and is used for treating complicated skin infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by gram-positive bacteria.

Applications An intermediate in the synthesis of biotin. Pimeloyl-CoA is transformed into AOP in the presence of L-alanine by the enzyme AOP synthase. The catalytic mechanism of AOP synthase has been studied for the elucidation of inhibitors as potential antimicrobial agents. References Ohsugi, M., et al.: J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 34 (4), 343 (1985), Pearson, B.M., et al.: Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 10 (2), 89 (1990), Ploux, O., et al.: Biochem. J., 283, 327 (1992)

ACX-362E is a novel antibacterial agent, which is a synthetic compound derived from small-molecule chemical libraries with selective action on bacterial pathogens. The mode of action of ACX-362E involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically targeting essential enzymes involved in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway. This interference disrupts cell wall integrity, leading to bacterial lysis and cell death. ACX-362E is primarily used in research settings to investigate its efficacy against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Its applications extend to the study of bacterial resistance mechanisms, providing insights that can inform the development of next-generation antibiotics. Furthermore, ACX-362E is employed in preclinical models to evaluate its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, offering a potential therapeutic avenue for combating complex bacterial infections.

STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide is a targeted inhibitor of glucuronidase-producing bacteria, which is activated by E. coli-specific glucuronidase enzyme. Glucuronidases are enzymes catalysing the cleavage of complex carbohydrates and E. coli is a well-known producer. In complex cultures, E. coli strains often outcompete bacteria that present at lower titre and STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can help to selectively reduce the growth of E. coli. STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. More details can be found in the application notes document.

Thiencarbazone is an antiparasitic, antibiotic, antiviral, and antifungal agent that was originally extracted from the plant Thienamycin. It is a synthetic drug with broad-spectrum activity against microorganisms and has been shown to be effective against viruses and fungi. Thiencarbazone has been used in chemotherapy for the treatment of parasitic infections.