Antimicrobiens

Kanamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It is used to treat severe infections including sepsis and tuberculosis. It  is another selection agent commonly used to screen bacteria, such as, E. coli, but also suitable for yeast specie,s such as, P. pastoris and plastid transformation of tobacco.

Vidarabine monohydrate is an antiviral agent with action on viral DNA polymerase to inhibit replication and is used for treating herpes simplex virus infections and varicella-zoster virus infections.

Clindamycin 3-phosphate is an antibiotic prodrug, which is a derivative of clindamycin. It is semisynthetic with a synthetic origin, derived by chemically modifying the natural compound lincomycin obtained from the bacterium *Streptomyces lincolnensis*. The mode of action of Clindamycin 3-phosphate involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby interfering with the translocation step in protein elongation, ultimately leading to the suppression of bacterial growth. The primary uses and applications of Clindamycin 3-phosphate are in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of anaerobic bacteria and certain gram-positive cocci. It is utilized in both topical and systemic formulations, with systemic applications including the treatment of serious infections such as those occurring in the lower respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissues. Clindamycin 3-phosphate's role as a prodrug is significant, as it undergoes hydrolysis in vivo to yield active clindamycin, ensuring effective delivery and action within the host system.

Ciprofloxacinhydrochloride, the hydrochloride salt form of ciprofloxacin is afluoroquinolone that exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting DNK gyrase (topoisomerase II) which inhibits relaxation of supercoiled DNA and promotes breakage of double-stranded DNA. Also, ciprofloxacine inhibits cytochrome P450 CYP1A2. Ciprofloxacine is a broad spectrum antibiotic,effective against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, Campylobacter spp and Pseudomonas with clinical application for complicated urinary tract infections, respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains inpatients with cystic fibrosis, invasive otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa, chronic osteomyelitis caused by gram negative organisms, eradication of Salmonella, gonorrhoea, bacterial prostatitis, cervicitis, anthrax.

Tri-O-benzyl FR 900098 is a chemical compound, often referenced in biochemical research contexts. It is a synthetic derivative that originates from complex chemical synthesis, involving multiple benzylation steps to modify the original molecular framework. This structural transformation lends the compound unique chemical properties. The mode of action of Tri-O-benzyl FR 900098 involves interactions at a molecular level, often serving as a substrate or an inhibitor in enzymatic studies. Its distinctive benzylated structure allows it to fit into active sites of enzymes with high specificity, enabling researchers to study enzyme activity, inhibition, and protein-ligand interactions. In terms of applications, Tri-O-benzyl FR 900098 is utilized extensively in the field of enzymology and structural biology. Its properties make it an ideal candidate for probing enzyme mechanisms, testing hypotheses related to enzyme specificity, and studying the impacts of structural modifications on activity. This compound thus plays a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biochemical pathways and the development of novel therapeutics.

Inhibitor of RNA polymerases; inhibitor of HSP27-cytoskeleton interactions

Posaconazole is an antifungal agent that inhibits the 14-alpha demethylase enzyme which is responsible for the synthesis of the fungal cell wall component, ergosterol. This demethylase enzyme synthesizes ergosterol through converting lanosterol to ergosterol. Therefore Posaconazole prevents the formation of fungal cell walls with the appropriate membrane permeability thus leading to fungal cell lysis. Posaconazole can be used as an antifungal drug to treat opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV patients. Moreover it is shown to inflict its inhibitory activity against common pathogenic fungus such as Candida and Aspergillus species but also Mucorales and some Fusarium species, which are less common.

Bottromycin A2 is a peptide antibiotic, which is a natural product derived from the fermentation of certain Streptomyces strains. It operates by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically inhibiting protein synthesis. The mode of action involves binding to the A-site of the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the correct positioning of transfer RNA (tRNA) during translation. This inhibition halts the growth of bacteria by disrupting essential protein production processes. Bottromycin A2 is primarily applied in research settings focused on combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Its unique structure and mode of action make it a candidate for studying novel mechanisms to overcome bacterial resistance, particularly against Gram-positive organisms. Further investigations into Bottromycin A2 can inform the development of new therapeutic agents and provide insights into ribosomal function and inhibition.

Abacavir-d4 is a deuterium-labeled analogue of the antiretroviral medication Abacavir. It serves as a critical tool for pharmaceutical research and development. This isotopically labeled compound is synthesized by incorporating four deuterium atoms into the molecular structure of Abacavir, preserving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the original molecule while allowing for precise analytical quantification. In practice, Abacavir-d4 functions as an internal standard in mass spectrometric analyses. Its mode of action, akin to its unlabeled counterpart, involves the inhibition of reverse transcriptase, thereby hindering the replication of HIV-1. The deuterium labeling, however, does not alter its biological activity but provides a stable reference point for accurately measuring Abacavir concentrations in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Primarily utilized in laboratory settings, Abacavir-d4 aids in the pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of Abacavir, enhancing the reliability and accuracy of the data obtained. Its precise quantitation capabilities are indispensable in advancing understanding of drug metabolism and optimizing therapeutic strategies against HIV.

Tebufenozide-hydroxymethyl is an insect growth regulator, which is synthesized chemically to function as an agonist of the molting hormone, ecdysone, in target pest species. It operates by mimicking the effects of ecdysone, leading to premature and lethal molting in lepidopteran larvae. This disruption in the developmental cycle of the insects effectively suppresses their population by preventing them from reaching maturity and reproducing. In agricultural applications, Tebufenozide-hydroxymethyl is utilized to manage pest infestations in a variety of crops, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Its specific action against immature stages of lepidopterans makes it a valuable tool in integrated pest management systems, where it is used to minimize the reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides. By selectively targeting pests without significantly impacting beneficial insects and pollinators, it contributes to sustainable agricultural practices.

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Tiamulin fumarate is a pleuromutilin antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating swine dysentery and respiratory infections in livestock.