Dyes, Stains and Tinctures

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Basic violet 3 is a light-sensitive dye that can be used for the detection of metals. It is a basic dye with a high resistance to water vapor and other solvents. Basic violet 3 has been shown to be carcinogenic in animal studies, but has not been shown to have any adverse effects on humans. The dye reacts with metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide, iron(III) oxide, and calcium hydroxide by absorbing UV radiation. This reaction produces an increased amount of light that can be detected using a spectrophotometer. Basic violet 3 is used in surface methodology because it is able to react with particles and then bind to them through van der Waals forces. Basic violet 3 is also used for kinetic experiments because it provides data about the rate of chemical reactions or chemical processes. Kinetic data from these experiments can be used to determine the mechanism of the reaction or process being studied.

XTT sodium salt is a tetrazolium salt, which forms water-soluble formazan on bioreduction and has been used to assess cell viability by production of an orange colour.

Direct Black 38 (DB38) is a carbonate pigment with the chemical formula of Na2CO3. It has been used as a black pigment in paints, textiles, and plastics. DB38 has been shown to be genotoxic, meaning that it can cause mutations in cells by interacting with DNA. DB38 has also been shown to be toxic to animals and humans when ingested or inhaled at high concentrations. DB38 is not mutagenic, meaning that it does not cause genetic changes in cells or organisms. The toxicity of DB38 is dose-dependent: the higher the concentration of DB38, the more toxic it becomes.

Pigment Yellow 139 is a colorant that is soluble in organic solvents and has a maximum absorption wavelength of 595 nm. It can be used as an optical system polarizer, and it is also used in liquid crystal compositions. Pigment Yellow 139 changes color depending on the pH of the environment, and it undergoes polymerization when irradiated with radiation or an acid complex. This pigment is also soluble in glycol esters and polycarboxylic acids. Pigment Yellow 139 is produced by reacting hydroxyl groups with polycarboxylic acid products. The pigments are then converted to particles by crystallizing them using a reaction product of particle emission. Pigment Yellow 139 has a crystalline structure composed of irregularly shaped particles that are about 0.2-0.4 micrometers in diameter.

Amylose azure is a dye commonly used to detect and measure α-amylase activity in various applications. This dye is particularly useful in assessing the hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase. Amylose azure reacts with the enzyme and produces a blue color that can be quantified using spectrophotometry. In addition to its analytical applications, amylose azure is also used as a visual indicator of the presence of aluminum. The dye forms a complex with aluminum ions, resulting in a distinct color change that can be easily observed.

Acid Black 242 is a chemical dye that is used in the production of photoresists. It is also used as a black pigment in paints and printing inks. The dye is classified as hydrophilic, meaning it dissolves in water. Acid Black 242 has a color index number of PBk 6. It reacts with sulfide to form an acidic compound, which can be used to modulate the reaction time of certain reactions. Acid Black 242 is a benzene derivative that has been shown to depress the central nervous system when inhaled or ingested. It also inhibits the activity of diaminobenzene, which can cause depression when consumed orally or injected intravenously. The fluorescence emission spectrum of Acid Black 242 overlaps with that of other dyes such as acid red 1 and acid violet 7.

The monotetrazolium salt  Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT), first described by Atkinson et al. (1950), is an iodinated derivative of TTC (2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride) with an absorption λmax of 248 nm. The color produced by reduction of this iodonitro compound is a red to purple or brownish formazan with an absorption maximum at 485 to 492 nm (depending on the solvent). INT is often used to visualize dehydrogenase activity histochemically as well as in Western blot staining and as a staining agent for agar colony formation assays.  NAD or NADP-dependent dehydrogenases activity assays: NAD+- or NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase transfers electrons from a substrate (the electron donor, e.g. succinate) to NAD+ or NADP+, forming NADH and NADPH, respectively. Then, the final transfer of hydrogen to the tetrazolium salt is catalyzed by NADH or NADPH dehydrogenases (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase), leading to the reduction of INT and formation of the water-insoluble INT-formazan. 1 mol of formazan is produced for each mole of succinate utilized in the presence of INT. It is important to mention for applications in histology, that INT-formazan precipitates at the site of this latter dehydrogenase but not at the site of the original NAD+- or NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase activity.

Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, also called 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide and methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide, and mainly known as MTT, is employed in the so-called MTT reduction or colorimetric assay. The MTT assay is used to determine the metabolic activity of living cells and the viable cell number in proliferation and cytotoxicity studies. The assay is based on the enzymatic reduction of the yellow MTT to the purple-blue water-insoluble formazan catalysed by mitochondrial dehydrogenases of living cells. The amount of formazan produced is directly proportional to the number of viable cells and can be quantified by measuring absorbance at 570nm. The MTT assay is broadly employed in cell biology because it is rapid and economical. MTT is also used as enzyme substrates in studies of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-dependent dehydrogenases.

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Direct Blue 15 is a water-soluble organic dye that is used in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for wastewater treatment. The high salt and physiological effects of Direct Blue 15 have been studied in dose groups of rats. Direct Blue 15 was not found to be carcinogenic to rats, but did cause liver lesions at high doses. However, it did not cause DNA damage or induce mutations in the calf-thymus DNA. The hydroxyl group on the molecule allows it to bind to amines, which may explain its toxicity and mutagenicity.