Sugars

Glucostrophanthidin is a cardiac glycoside, which is derived from natural plant sources, specifically from species in the Apocynaceae family. This compound exerts its effects primarily through inhibition of the sodium-potassium ATPase enzyme, leading to an increase in intracellular sodium concentration. The downstream effect of this process involves an increase in intracellular calcium via the sodium-calcium exchange mechanism, ultimately enhancing the contractility of cardiac muscle fibers. In scientific research, Glucostrophanthidin is often utilized for its role in modulating heart function, providing valuable insights into cardiac physiology and pathophysiology. Its primary applications include experimental studies related to heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias, where it serves as a tool to understand the mechanisms governing heart muscle contraction. Despite its potent effects, the use of Glucostrophanthidin requires careful handling due to its narrow therapeutic index and potential for toxicity. This compound continues to be an important subject of study in the context of developing therapeutic strategies for cardiac conditions.

3-Hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acidb-D-glucopyranosylester is a sulfonic acid that is a hepatoprotective agent. It belongs to the group of sulfonic acids, which are used as corrosion inhibitors. 3-Hydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acidb-D - glucopyranosylester has been shown to inhibit the activity of the ginsenoside glycosidase enzyme and have anticarcinogenic properties. This compound also has a low bioavailability due to its hydrophobic nature, which may be due to its conjugation with cyclohexane ring. 3HOLA is an effective inhibitor of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and it also binds to the active site of triterpenoid saponin.

Applications Isotope labelled D-galactose (G155250), A C-4 epimer of Glucose (G595000) found in milk and sugar beets as well as being synthesized by the body. Potential use in oral therapy for nephrotic syndrome in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. References De Smet, E. et al.: Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 24, 2938 (2009); Kivele, R. et al.: Carb. Pol., 85, 645 (2011);

Stability Hygroscopic, Moisture Sensitive Applications D-Galactal is an important building block for both solution- and solid-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides.

Applications D-Galacturonic Acid-13C6 is labelled D-Galacturonic Acid (G186500, Monohydrate) which is used in the synthesis of N-(D-galacturonoyl) amino acids and dipeptides. References Klaus, U., et al.: Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3514 (2000),

Applications α-D-Mannose 1-Phosphate is used in the synthesis of non-natural mannoglucans by α-glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic copolymerization;Also, it is derived from D-Mannose (M168000), which is a carbohydrate that is important in the glycosylation of molecules in a variety of cellular processes. It is involved in N and O glycosylation of bovine why protein products, used in infant formulas. It is also responsible for the O-glycosylation of the T helper cell-derived cytokine interlukin-17A, an important cell-signaling molecule. References Baba, R., et al.: Carbohydr. Polym., 151, 1034-1039 (2016); van Leeuwen, S. et al.: J. Agri. Food Chem., 60, 12553 (2012); Geoghegan, K. et al.: Prot. Express. Purif., 87, 27 (2013);

Applications Dextrin (cas# 9004-53-9) is a versatile polymer used in a variety of applications such as in the preparation of probiotic beer and polymer solar cells. References Senkarcinova, B.; et al.: LWT, 100, 362 (2019); Lin, P.; et al.: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 6, 14621 (2018).

Applications Guaiacol-beta-D-glucopyranoside, is a Guaiacol Conjugate, that has shown to present in fermentation of grapes that had been exposed to bushfire smoke and can potentially yield unpalatable, smoke-affected wine. References Hayasaka, Y.m et al.: J. Arg. Food Chem., Vol. 58, Issue 4, P: 2076; 2081 (2010);

Applications N,N-[Iminobis(trimethylene)]bis-D-gluconamide (cas# 86303-20-0) is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

Fluorine-18 labelled 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoroglucose (FDG) is a radioactive glucose analogue that is used as a diagnostic agent in nuclear medicine. FDG is taken up by cells, metabolized to fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), and trapped inside the cell. The uptake of FDG is often increased in tumors and inflammatory bowel disease. The level of uptake can be measured by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, which detects the emission of positrons from FDG. This technique can be used to diagnose diseases such as cancer and bowel disease.

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